Entre a subcidadania e o direito à cidade: estudos críticos sobre a urbanização de favelas no Brasil e as Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social (ZEIS) no Recife – PE

The present thesis reveals, based on the recuperation of experiences for the right to the city in the world, for the urbanization and regularization of the favelas in Brazil and for the Special Zones of Social Interest (ZEIS) in Recife, that the direct and institutional actions, have promoted the access to partial conditions of socio-spatial reproduction, insufficient to overcome the persistent conditions of discrimination, inequality and sub-citizenship, accentuated by the predominance of contemporary neoliberal and conservative perspectives. This recovery had in the dialectical method the reference path to the approach of studies and reflections, considering the interest in verifying the contradictions and possibilities of the actions by the precarious settlements as to conceptions related to the right to the city. In addition to document analysis and treatment of secondary data, interviews were also held with activists for the Urban Reform and the Right to the City of Brazil and with community leaders from the favelas of Recife to support research and analysis. It was possible to observe in the thesis that, despite unfavorable structural and conjuncture conditions, some of the actions and instruments of urbanization and regularization experiments in favelas and recent alternative collective initiatives for the right to the city can subsidize actions, instruments and instances of co-management (or selfmanagement) with a view to building a new democratic, inclusive and just urbanization. It remains as a challenge to articulate oppressed and dissatisfied with unequal and alienating urbanization, with space justice, common goods and self-management as horizons for the right to the city.NenhumaA presente Tese revela, a partir da recuperação das experiências pelo direito à cidade no mundo, pela urbanização e regularização das favelas no Brasil e pelas Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social (ZEIS) no Recife, que as ações diretas e institucionais, promoveram, predominantemente, o acesso a condições parciais de reprodução socioespacial, insuficientes para superar as condições persistentes de discriminação, desigualdade e subcidadania, acentuadas pela predominância das perspectivas neoliberais e conservadoras contemporâneas. Essa recuperação teve no método dialético o caminho de referência à abordagem dos estudos e reflexões, considerando o interesse em verificar as contradições e possibilidades das ações pelos assentamentos precários quanto a concepções relativas ao direito à cidade. Além de análises de documentos e do tratamento a dados secundários, foram realizadas, também, entrevistas com ativistas pela Reforma Urbana e pelo Direito à Cidade do Brasil e com líderes comunitários das favelas do Recife para dar suporte à pesquisa e análises. Foi possível constatar na Tese que, a despeito das condições estruturais e conjunturais desfavoráveis, parte das ações e instrumentos das experiências de urbanização e regularização de favelas e as iniciativas coletivas alternativos recentes pelo direito à cidade podem subsidiar ações, instrumentos e instâncias de cogestão (ou autogestão) com vistas à construção de uma nova urbanização democrática, inclusiva e justa. Resta como desafio, articular oprimidos e insatisfeitos com a urbanização desigual e alienante, tendo a justiça espacial, os bens comuns e autogestão como horizontes pelo direito à cidade

A ética do silêncio racial no contexto urbano: políticas públicas e desigualdade social no Recife, 1900-1940

Mais de meio século após o preconceito racial ter se tornado o principal alvo dos movimentos urbanos pelos direitos civis nos Estados Unidos e na África do Sul, e décadas depois do surgimento dos movimentos negros contemporâneos no Brasil, o conjunto de ferramentas legislativas criado no Brasil para promover o direito à cidade ainda adere à longa tradição brasileira de silêncio acerca da questão racial. Este artigo propõe iniciar uma exploração das raízes históricas desse fenômeno, remontando ao surgimento do silêncio sobre a questão racial na política urbana do Recife, Brasil, durante a primeira metade do século XX. O Recife foi eé um exemplo paradigmático do processo pelo qual uma cidade amplamente marcada por traços negros e africanos chegou a ser definida política e legalmente como um espaço pobre, subdesenvolvido e racialmente neutro, onde as desigualdades sociais originaram na exclusão capitalista, e não na escravidão e nas ideologias do racismo científico. Neste sentido, Recife lança luzes sobre a política urbana que se gerou sob a sombra do silêncio racial.More than half a century after racial prejudice became central to urban civil rights movements in the United States and South Africa, and decades after the emergence of Brazil’s contemporary Black movements, Brazil's internationally recognized body of rights-to-the-city legislation still adheres to the country's long historical tradition of racial silence. This article explores the historical roots of this phenomenon by focusing on the emergence of racial silence in Recife, Brazil during the first half of the 20th Century. Recife was and remains a paradigmatic example of the process through which a city marked by its Black and African roots came to be legally and politically defined as a poor, underdeveloped and racially neutral space, where social inequalities derived from capitalist exclusion rather than from slavery and scientific racism. As such, Recife'sexperience sheds light on the urban policies that were generated in the shadow of racial silence

Enhanced Routing Algorithm Based on Reinforcement Machine Learning—A Case of VoIP Service

The routing algorithm is one of the main factors that directly impact on network performance. However, conventional routing algorithms do not consider the network data history, for instances, overloaded paths or equipment faults. It is expected that routing algorithms based on machine learning present advantages using that network data. Nevertheless, in a routing algorithm based on reinforcement learning (RL) technique, additional control message headers could be required. In this context, this research presents an enhanced routing protocol based on RL, named e-RLRP, in which the overhead is reduced. Specifically, a dynamic adjustment in the Hello message interval is implemented to compensate the overhead generated by the use of RL. Different network scenarios with variable number of nodes, routes, traffic flows and degree of mobility are implemented, in which network parameters, such as packet loss, delay, throughput and overhead are obtained. Additionally, a Voice-over-IP (VoIP) communication scenario is implemented, in which the E-model algorithm is used to predict the communication quality. For performance comparison, the OLSR, BATMAN and RLRP protocols are used. Experimental results show that the e-RLRP reduces network overhead compared to RLRP, and overcomes in most cases all of these protocols, considering both network parameters and VoIP quality

Enhanced Routing Algorithm Based on Reinforcement Machine Learning—A Case of VoIP Service

The routing algorithm is one of the main factors that directly impact on network performance. However, conventional routing algorithms do not consider the network data history, for instances, overloaded paths or equipment faults. It is expected that routing algorithms based on machine learning present advantages using that network data. Nevertheless, in a routing algorithm based on reinforcement learning (RL) technique, additional control message headers could be required. In this context, this research presents an enhanced routing protocol based on RL, named e-RLRP, in which the overhead is reduced. Specifically, a dynamic adjustment in the Hello message interval is implemented to compensate the overhead generated by the use of RL. Different network scenarios with variable number of nodes, routes, traffic flows and degree of mobility are implemented, in which network parameters, such as packet loss, delay, throughput and overhead are obtained. Additionally, a Voice-over-IP (VoIP) communication scenario is implemented, in which the E-model algorithm is used to predict the communication quality. For performance comparison, the OLSR, BATMAN and RLRP protocols are used. Experimental results show that the e-RLRP reduces network overhead compared to RLRP, and overcomes in most cases all of these protocols, considering both network parameters and VoIP quality