5,451 research outputs found
Comparisons of the Monte Carlo programs HORACE and WINHAC for single-W-boson production at hadron colliders
We present the comparisons of two independent Monte Carlo event generators,
HORACE and WINHAC, for single-W-boson production in hadronic collisions with
multiphoton effects in leptonic W decays. These comparisons were performed
first at the parton level with fixed quark-beams energy, and then at the hadron
level for proton-proton collisions at the LHC. In general, a good agreement
between the two programs has been found. Possible sources of differences in
some of the presented results are discussed. We also present and discuss the
effects of including non-zero quark masses for the main single-W-boson
observables at the LHC.Comment: 32 pages, 40 PostScript figure
ORIGIN OF LIGHT SCATTERING FROM DISORDERED SYSTEMS
Anelastic light scattering is computed numerically for model disordered
systems (linear chains and 2-dimensional site and bond percolators), with and
without electrical disorder. A detailed analysis of the vibrational modes and
of their Raman activity evidences that two extreme mechanisms for scattering
may be singled out. One of these resembles scattering from finite size systems,
while the other mechanisms originates from spatial fluctuations of the
polarizability and is such that modes in even small frequency intervals may
have very different Raman activities. As a consequence, the average coupling
coefficient is the variance of a zero-average quantity. Our
analysis shows that for both linear chains and 2-dimensional percolators the
second mechanism dominates over the first, and therefore Raman scattering from
disordered systems is essentially due to spatial fluctuations.Comment: 12 pages, Latex, 7 figures available on request
Macrobenthic infaunal communities associated with deepâsea hydrocarbon seeps in the northern Gulf of Mexico
There are thousands of seeps in the deep ocean worldwide; however, many questions remain about their contributions to global biodiversity and the surrounding deepâsea environment. In addition to being globally distributed, seeps provide several benefits to humans such as unique habitats, organisms with novel genes, and carbon regulation. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are unique seep macrobenthic assemblages, by comparing seep and nonseep environments, different seep habitats, and seeps at different depths and locations. Infaunal community composition, diversity, and abundance were examined between seep and nonseep background environments and among three seep habitats (i.e., microbial mats, tubeworms, and softâbottom seeps). Abundances were higher at seep sites compared to background areas. Abundance and diversity also differed among microbial mat, tubeworm, and softâbottom seep habitats. Although seeps contained different macrobenthic assemblages than nonseep areas, infaunal communities were also generally unique for each seep. Variability was 75% greater within communities near seeps compared to communities in background areas. Thus, high variability in community structure characterized seep communities rather than specific taxa. The lack of similarity among seep sites supports the idea that there are no specific infauna that can be used as indicators of seepage throughout the northern Gulf of Mexico, at least at higher taxonomic levels
Frustration and sound attenuation in structural glasses
Three classes of harmonic disorder systems (Lennard-Jones like glasses,
percolators above threshold, and spring disordered lattices) have been
numerically investigated in order to clarify the effect of different types of
disorder on the mechanism of high frequency sound attenuation. We introduce the
concept of frustration in structural glasses as a measure of the internal
stress, and find a strong correlation between the degree of frustration and the
exponent alpha that characterizes the momentum dependence of the sound
attenuation . In particular, alpha decreases from
about d+1 in low-frustration systems (where d is the spectral dimension), to
about 2 for high frustration systems like the realistic glasses examined.Comment: Revtex, 4 pages including 4 figure
The Raman coupling function in amorphous silica and the nature of the long wavelength excitations in disordered systems
New Raman and incoherent neutron scattering data at various temperatures and
molecular dynamic simulations in amorphous silica, are compared to obtain the
Raman coupling coefficient and, in particular, its low frequency
limit. This study indicates that in the limit
extrapolates to a non vanishing value, giving important indications on the
characteristics of the vibrational modes in disordered materials; in particular
our results indicate that even in the limit of very long wavelength the local
disorder implies non-regular local atomic displacements.Comment: Revtex, 4 ps figure
Precision Physics at LEP
1 - Introduction
2 - Small-Angle Bhabha Scattering and the Luminosity Measurement
3 - Z^0 Physics
4 - Fits to Precision Data
5 - Physics at LEP2
6 - ConclusionsComment: Review paper to appear in the RIVISTA DEL NUOVO CIMENTO; 160 pages,
LateX, 70 eps figures include
Raman scattering from fractals. Simulation on large structures by the method of moments
We have employed the method of spectral moments to study the density of
vibrational states and the Raman coupling coefficient of large 2- and 3-
dimensional percolators at threshold and at higher concentration. We first
discuss the over-and under-flow problems of the procedure which arise when
-like in the present case- it is necessary to calculate a few thousand moments.
Then we report on the numerical results; these show that different scattering
mechanisms, all {\it a priori} equally probable in real systems, produce
largely different coupling coefficients with different frequency dependence.
Our results are compared with existing scaling theories of Raman scattering.
The situation that emerges is complex; on the one hand, there is indication
that the existing theory is not satisfactory; on the other hand, the
simulations above threshold show that in this case the coupling coefficients
have very little resemblance, if any, with the same quantities at threshold.Comment: 26 pages, RevTex, 8 figures available on reques
Sr/Ca ratios in cold-water corals - a âlow-resolutionâ temperature archive?
One of the basic data to understand global change and past global changes is the measurement and the reconstruction of temperature of marine water masses. E.g. seawater temperature controls the density of seawater and in combination with salinity is the major driving force for the oceans circulation system. Geochemical investigations on cold-water corals Lophelia pertusa and Desmophyllum cristagalli indicated the potential of these organisms as high-resolution archives of environmental parameters from intermediate and deeper water masses (Adkins and Boyle 1997). Some studies tried to use cold-water corals as a high-resolution archive of temperature and salinity (Smith et al. 2000, 2002; Blamart et al. 2005; Lutringer et al. 2005). However, the fractionation of stable isotopes (delta18O and delta13C) and element ratios (Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca, U/Ca) are strongly influenced by vital effects (Shirai et al. 2005; Cohen et al. 2006), and difficult to interpret. Nevertheless, ongoing studies indicate the potential of a predominant temperature dependent fractionation of distinct isotopes and elements (e.g. Li/Ca, Montagna et al. 2008; U/Ca, Mg/Ca, delta18O, LĂČpez Correa et al. 2008; delta88/86Sr, RĂŒggeberg et al. 2008).Within the frame of DFG-Project TRISTAN and PalĂ€o-TRISTAN (Du 129/37-2 and 37-3) we investigated live-collected specimens of cold-water coral L. pertusa from all along the European continental margin (Northern and mid Norwegian shelves, Skagerrak, Rockall and Porcupine Bank, Galicia Bank, Gulf of Cadiz, Mediterranean Sea). These coral samples grew in waters characterized by temperatures between 6°C and 14°C. Electron Microprobe investigations along the growth direction of individual coral polyps were applied to determine the relationship between the incorporation of distinct elements (Sr, Ca, Mg, S). Cohen et al. (2006) showed for L.pertusa from the Kosterfjord, Skagerrak, that ~25% of the coralâs Sr/Ca ratio is related to temperature, while 75% are influenced by the calcification rate of the organism. However, the Sr/Ca-temperature relation of our L. pertusa specimens suggest, that mean values are more reliable for temperature reconstruction along a larger temperature range than local high-resolution investigations. Additionally, our results plot on same line of Sr/Ca-temperature relationship like tropical corals indicating a similar behaviour of element incorporation during calcification
Valuing Nature Waste Removal in the Offshore Environment Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
The offshore and deep-sea marine environment provides many ecosystem services (i.e., benefits to humans), for example: climate regulation, exploitable resources, processes that enable life on Earth, and waste removal. Unfortunately, the remote nature of this environment makes it difficult to estimate the values of these services. One service in particular, waste removal, was examined in the context of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Nearly 5 million barrels of oil were released into the offshore Gulf of Mexico, and 14 billion dollars were spent removing about 25% of the oil spilled. Using values for oil spill cleanup efforts, which included capping the wellhead and collecting oil, surface combustion, and surface skimming, it was calculated that waste removal, i.e., natural removal of spilled oil, saved BP over $35 billion. This large amount demonstrates the costs of offshore disasters, the importance of the offshore environment to humans, as well as the large monetary values associated with ecosystem services provided
BHWIDE 1.00: O(alpha) YFS Exponentiated Monte Carlo for Bhabha Scattering at Wide Angles for LEP1/SLC and LEP2
We present O(alpha) YFS exponentiated results for wide angle Bhabha
scattering at LEP/SLC energies using a new Monte Carlo event generator BHWIDE
1.xx. Our calculations include two options for the pure weak corrections, as
presented in Beenakker et al. and in Bohm et al. From comparison with the
results of Beenakker et al., Montagna et al. and Cacciari et al., we conclude
that the total precision of our BHWIDE results is 0.3% (0.5%) in the LEP1/SLC
regime within +-100 MeV (+2.75/-2.5 GeV) of the Z peak. For LEP2, the
corresponding precision is currently estimated at 1.5%; the latter could be
improved if the data in LEP2 so require. Both precision tags represent clear
improvements over what is currently available in the literature.Comment: LaTeX, 14 pages, 3 Postscript figures, References in a .bbl file,
Submitted to Physics Letter
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