Computationally efficient quantum-mechanical technique to calculate direct tunnelling gate leakage current in metal-oxide-semiconductor structures

We propose a computationally efficient, accurate and numerically stable quantum- mechanical technique to calculate the direct tunneling (DT)gate current in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures. Knowledge of the imaginary part G of the complex eigenenergy of the quasi-bound inversion layer states is required to estimate the lifetimes of these states. Exploiting the numerically obtained exponential dependence of G on the thickness of the gate-dielectric layer even in the sub-1-nm-thickness regime, we have simplified the determination of G in devices where it is too small to be calculated directly. It is also shown that the MOS electrostatics, calculated self-consistently with open boundary conditions, is independent of the dielectric layer tickness provided that the other parameters remain unchanged. Utilizing these findings, a computationally efficient and numerically stable method is developed for calculating the tunneling current–gate voltage characteristics. The validity of the proposed model is demonstrated by comparing simulation results with experimental data. Sample calculations for MOS transistors with high-K gate-dielectric materials are also presented. This model is particularly suitable for DT current calculation in devices with thicker gate dielectrics and in device or process characterization from the tunneling current measurement

The most economical power factor correction according to tariff structures in Egypt

This material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of Brunel University's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to [email protected]. Copyright @ 2005 IEEEA method of applying power-factor (PF) correction capacitors is discussed based on net savings maximization according to Egyptian's Tariff. Test results from examples taken from existing publications are presented. The purpose of this application technique is to utilize existing electrical distribution equipment in the installation of very large values of PF correction capacitors. It is concluded that LC compensators can be installed, thus providing maximum benefits from penalty elimination, system losses reduction, release of system transformer capacity, and minimum switching transients. Paybacks of less than one year can be expected

Power factor and your electrical utility bill in Egypt

This material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of Brunel University's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to [email protected]. Copyright @ 2003 IEEEBeside being a good neighbor and not causing harmonic voltage for others that are connected to your electrical distribution circuit, complying with the legal requirements of IEEE standards 519, and maintaining safe and economical operating environments for electrical equipment within your physical load, there is another very good reason to maintain a good power factor: saving money on your electrical utility bill. Utilities often encourage consumers to maintain a high PF by applying tariff clauses, which penalize consumers for low PF. This letter discusses the topic

LC compensators for power factor correction of nonlinear loads

This material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of Brunel University's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to [email protected]. Copyright @ 2004 IEEEA method is presented for finding the optimum fixed LC compensator for power factor correction of nonlinear loads where both source voltage and load current harmonics are present. The LC combination is selected because pure capacitive capacitors alone would not sufficiently correct the power factor. Optimization minimizes the transmission loss, maximizes the power factor, and maximizes the efficiency. The performance of the obtained compensator is discussed by means of numerical examples

Practical considerations regarding power factor for nonlinear loads

This material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of Brunel University's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to [email protected]. Copyright @ 2004 IEEEThe choice of LC compensator may be constrained by the availability of manufacturers units. To account for this, the capacitor values are chosen from among standard values and for each value the transmission losses is minimized, or power factor is maximized, or transmission efficiency is maximized. The global minimum or maximum is obtained by scanning all local minims or maxims. The performance of the obtained compensator is discussed by means of numerical examples

Commerce et système d’information : le cas des vendeurs de pagnes à Brazzaville (Congo)

This paper seeks to establish the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the trade in wrapper cloth in Brazzaville, Congo. The study focused on access, use and impact and concluding that the level of access is low in general and for men and women taken separately, although men have more access than women. There is very little evidence of ICT use in dealings between consumer and traders (wholesalers and retailers alike). There is significant difference in ICT use between men who have mobile phones on the one hand, and between men and women on the other hand. Among traders in wrapper cloth, the proportion who perceive access to ICT as beneficial to the gains they make is low. Results are more encouraging amongst men than women, with econometric analysis showing a significant impact of ICTs on daily earnings in dealings withsuppliers. Finally, the policy is to encourage widespread use of ICTs by the population in general, and by wrapper cloth traders in particular

Assessment of risky sexual practices with respect to HIV among South African young adults.

South Africa is one of the countries hardest hit by the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the world. With ever increasing prevalence rates of HIV infection, those who fall within the 14 - 29 years age group remain the population most at risk for HIV/AIDS. In spite of educational and awareness campaigns, the rates of new infections continues to rise among this age group, suggesting that these campaigns alone may not be as effective as was initially envisioned. Research exploring factors that may mediate or moderate the relation between HIV awareness and knowledge and behaviour has proliferated in recent years. The present study investigates whether the Health Belief Model constructs predict and perhaps moderate the relation between HIV knowledge / awareness and Risky sexual practices. The study further explores the role of Sexual orientation and attempts to reflect on the question of whether education and awareness programmes should be tailored for specific sub-populations. The sample consisted of 200 second year university students from the Humanities Faculty at the University of the Witwatersrand. Participants completed a survey of questions that consisted of Demographic information, Sexual Practices Questionnaire, HIV Knowledge Questionnaire, an AIDS Health Belief scale and Generalized Self efficacy Scale. Results yielded a significant relation between Perceived benefit (Health Belief Model construct) and HIV knowledge. No other significant differences were identified between the other variables

Pengaruh Pemberian Kapur dan Pupuk Organik Padat Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Terung pada Tanah Aluvial

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui interaksi antara kapur dolomitdan pupuk organik padat, serta mendapatkan dosis yang terbaik dari keduanyaterhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman terung pada tanah aluvial. Penelitiandilaksanakan di lahan yang berada di Jln. A.Yani 2 Gg Permata, dimulai pada 15Maret sampai 28 Juli 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan pola Rancangan AcakLengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 2 faktor 3 taraf perlakuan, 4 sampel dan 3ulangan. Perlakuan yang dimaksud terdiri dari k yaitu 2,60 g, k2 yaitu 3,65 g, k3yaitu 4,35 g/polybag kapur dolomit, p1 yaitu 5 g, p2 yaitu 10 g dan p3 yaitu 15g/polybag pupuk organik padat. Variabel pengamatan yang diamati yaitu tinggitanaman, diameter batang, volume akar, berat kering tanaman, jumlah buah pertanaman, dan berat buah per tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidakadanya interaksi yang terjadi terhadap pemberian pupuk organik padat dan kapurdolomit, pemberian pupuk organik padat dengan dosis 15 g/polybag merupakanperlakuan yang terbaik disetiap variabel pengamatan serta pemberian kapurdolomit tidak memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda terhadap semua variabelpengamatan.