Changes in expression of polyamines and ethylene biosynthesis genes in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes during Sclerotium rolfsii infection

476-483Stem rot disease caused by fungal pathogen, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., is potential threat to groundnut production in warm and humid condition. After host-pathogen interaction, a multitude of plant resistance associated reactions are initiated. In the present investigation we studied the role of polyamines and ethylene during host-pathogen interaction in stem rot tolerant (CS319, GG17 and GG31) and susceptible (TG37A) groundnut genotypes at 24, 48 and 72 h after infection. Stem rot tolerant genotypes showed higher expression of polyamine biosynthesis genes ornithine decarboxylase (Ordec), spermine synthase (Sms) and lipoxygenase1 (LOX1) gene at 72 h after infection than that of susceptible genotype TG37A. The expression analysis of ethylene biosynthesis genes (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase: ACCO and (ACCS) showed up regulation in stem rot susceptible genotype TG37A than that of tolerant genotypes after infection at all stages (24, 48 and 72 h after infection). The expression of amine oxidase (AMO) gene was observed highest in stem rot susceptible genotype TG37A while minimum in GJG31. Expression of this gene was remarkably induced in TG37A which may leads to higher accumulation of H2O2. Higher content of a polyamine, putrescine was found in the leaves of stem rot tolerant genotypes at 48 and 72 h after infection. These results implied that tolerant genotypes induced higher polyamine biosynthesis which may involve in plant defense and impart tolerance/ resistance. While, susceptible genotype (TG37A), utilized higher flux of S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) for ethylene biosynthesis which may leads to necrosis of plants. Thus, stem rot resistant genotypes may be developed through genetic manipulation of polyamine biosynthesis pathway

Characterization of the natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana metabolome by the analysis of metabolic distance

Metabolite fingerprinting is widely used to unravel the chemical characteristics of biological samples. Multivariate data analysis and other statistical tools are subsequently used to analyze and visualize the plasticity of the metabolome and/or the relationship between those samples. However, there are limitations to these approaches for example because of the multi-dimensionality of the data that makes interpretation of the data obtained from untargeted analysis almost impossible for an average human being. These limitations make the biological information that is of prime importance in untargeted studies be partially exploited. Even in the case of full exploitation, current methods for relationship elucidation focus mainly on between groups variation and differences. Therefore, a measure that is capable of exploiting both between- and within-group biological variation would be of great value. Here, we examined the natural variation in the metabolome of nine Arabidopsis thaliana accessions grown under various environmental conditions and established a measure for the metabolic distance between accessions and across environments. This data analysis approach shows that there is just a minor correlation between genetic and metabolic diversity of the nine accessions. On the other hand, it delivers so far in Arabidopsis unexplored chemical information and is shown to be biologically relevant for resistance studies

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Marker assisted characterization of chickpea genotypes for wilt resistance

Marker assisted characterization of six chickpea genotypes differing for Fusarium wilt reaction was carried out using seven molecular markers reported by earlier workers linked to disease resistant/susceptibility. In the present study, four different markers (namely, CS-27, UBC-170, CS-27A and UBC-825) linked to susceptibility and three microsatellite based markers (TA-59, TA-96 and TR-19) linked to resistance allele were validated. It was observed that two Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, CS-27 and UBC-170 and one sequenced characterized amplified region (SCAR) CS-27A700 gave amplification of 700, 550 and 700 bp, respectively in susceptible genotype only as reported by earlier worker. The inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker UBC-825 produced amplification of 1200 bp in susceptible genotypes (JG-62 and GG 4) and intermediate genotype (Chaffa). Three sequence tagged microsatellites site (STMS) primers (TA-59, TA-96 and TR-19) gave specific allele in wilt resistant genotypes. The PCR amplification of TA-59 primer generated two alleles, out of which the allele of 258 bp was present only in resistance genotypes. The alleles of 265 bp amplified by primer TA-96 was present only in resistance genotypes and absent in other genotypes. The marker TR-19 amplified allele of 227 bp in resistant genotypes. Further, the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) analysis of seed storage protein showed a difference in protein profile among studied genotypes but none of polypeptide fragment was specific to wilt resistance or susceptibility. In present study, the reported markers linked to susceptibility and resistance proved their effectiveness and further can be exploited for maker assisted selection (MAS) of wilt resistance breeding in chickpea.Keywords: Chickpea, Fusarium wilt, molecular markers, resistance, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). Afr. J. Biotechnol. Vol. 12 No. 5

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Not AvailableGroundnut seed has 2-3 times more Zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe) content than many cereals and is a good source of micronutrients. But high phytate content which is an anti-nutrient may be a bottleneck in making these micronutrients available for consumption. Thus a study was conducted to observe changes in the phytic acid, Zn and Fe content during different processing.The results propose the benets of water soaking as a possible alternative and processing technique for reducing phytic acid and improving mineral (Zinc and Iron) content which can potentially help in alleviating emerging problem of malnutrition.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableGroundnut is considered as an important oilseed crop throughout the world and having a unique nutritional composition. According to the utilization pattern groundnut can be categorized into oil types and confectionary types. In confectionary type, there are some important trade attributes. In developing new varieties with quality characteristics for confectionary products seed size is one of the important traits. Kernel size coupled with the nutritional quality will determine the worth of groundnut for direct consumption or export. Focusing on this objective at ICAR-DGR, Junagadh several crosses were attempted resulting in development of large seed advanced breeding lines (ABLs) from the past two decades. Evaluation of selected promising 40 large seed ABLs in two locations (Junagadh and Bikaner) in two seasons (Kharif, 2019 and 2020) along with three checks, RG 599-3, Mallika and Girnar 2 sorted a promising genotype, PBS 29079B, Virginia runner advanced breeding line developed using pedigree method. It recorded significant difference for seed characters like kernel length (KL), kernel width (KW), hundred kernel weight (HKW), shelling percent (SP), and hundred pod weight (HPW). At Bikaner it recorded large mean seed size (HKW -121.9 gm; KL- 2.21 cm and KW- 1.03 cm) with moderate oil (48%) and high protein (30.39%) in two seasons whereas at Junagadh it recorded high mean HKW of 72.52 gm, mean KL as 1.7 cm and mean KW as 0.74 cm with moderate oil (47.5%) and high protein (31.33%) in two seasons compared to checks. The overall mean for seed size in four seasons (two locations in two seasons) is 97.21 g of HKW, 1.95 cm of KL and 0.88 cm of KW. Even though the range for mean seed size varied because of soil effect, it showed stable superiority over checks in all the traits in both the locations. This Virginia runner advanced breeding line is suitable for confectionery purpose which can be released as a variety after further evaluation or can be used as donor parent in groundnut hybridization programme to improve confectionery qualities.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableOne of the biggest challenges in agricultural sector is to boost up production systems, along with the development of genetically sound crops to get an efficient and sustainable agricultural produce, generating new seed quality traits, especially in oilseed crops. Present review aimed on the alteration of oilseed crops to improve their nutritional composition and industrial utility. Such modifications will include production of high palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, ricinoleic acid, unusual monoenoic fatty acids, reduction in erucic acid and very long chain saturated fatty acids (VLSFA). Manipulation of triacylglycerol structure is another area included in this review so as to enhance the nutritional value of ‘designer’ oils. The focus is also laid on to how new technological interventions, such as synthetic biology, next-generation sequencing, LC-MS/MS targeted lipid analysis, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) technique and lipidomics are mediating in the development of desired traits in transgenic oilseeds. Transgenic oilseeds producing novel fatty acids will be a better source for providing renewable raw materials that may compete with, and eventually replace, other non-renewable sources.Not Availabl

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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) for Sustainable Soil and Plant Health in Salt-Affected SoilsContinuous utilization of quality land in civilization and industrialization has gained interest in the utilization of salt-affected soils for crop production. However, crop growth and productivity is severely affected in saline soil. Many strategies were proposed to overcome the salt detrimental effects like development of salt-tolerant cultivars through breeding and/or genetic engineering, removal of excessive salt accumulation in soil, desalinization of irrigation water etc. Though these strategies are efficient but costly. Hence, a cost-effective new alternative attempt has taken up to mitigate soil salinity which involves inoculation of salt-tolerant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in agricultural crop. Mechanisms of amelioration of salt stress in AMF-plant symbiosis involve enhancing the uptake of less mobile phosphorus, increasing nutrient acquisition, maintaining osmotic balance, enhancing antioxidants and polyamines, altering hormonal status, reducing ion toxicity and enhancing photosynthetic efficiency. AMF colonization induces an increase in root hydraulic conductivity of the host plants under osmotic stress conditions. Furthermore, AMF symbiosis also alters expression of cation channels and transporters, late embryogenesis abundant protein and aquaporins. AMF symbiosis not only changes plant physiology but also changes nutritional and physical properties of the rhizosphere. In the mycorrhizosphere, AMF interact with natural and introduced microorganisms and affect soil properties and quality. The quality of soil largely depends on its physical and chemical properties as well as diversity and activity of soil biota. Thus, AMF have been considered as bio-ameliorators of saline soils.Not Availabl

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