Critical review of literature on the use of short implants

Aim The aims of this review were to verify the validity of short implants as a treatment option in patients with partial or total edentulism, having more or less atrophic jawbones. Methods A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCT) was conducted, involving also prospective and retrospective studies published in English language between January 2005 and December 2015. The PubMed and Scopus databases were electronically analyzed. Titles and abstracts were selected, and full texts were evaluated. The data were organized in tables and then presented as a narrative analysis. Results The electronic search provided 891 publications, 50 articles were retrieved in full text and only 11 were included in the review. Although the performance of the implants was evaluated through different success and survival criteria, short implants have shown to have a similar performance to longer implants. Conclusions Short implants could be considered as a treatment option comparable to traditional lenght implant. However, other studies must be conducted to assess uniform criteria to state the quality of treatment

Secondary aerosol formation from photochemical aging of aircraft exhaust in a smog chamber

Field experiments were performed to investigate the effects of photo-oxidation on fine particle emissions from an in-use CFM56-2B gas turbine engine mounted on a KC-135 Stratotanker airframe. Emissions were sampled into a portable smog chamber from a rake inlet installed one-meter downstream of the engine exit plane of a parked and chocked aircraft. The chamber was then exposed to sunlight and/or UV lights to initiate photo-oxidation. Separate tests were performed at different engine loads (4, 7, 30, 85 %). Photo-oxidation created substantial secondary particulate matter (PM), greatly exceeding the direct PM emissions at each engine load after an hour or less of aging at typical summertime conditions. After several hours of photo-oxidation, the ratio of secondary-to-primary PM mass was on average 35 ± 4.1, 17 ± 2.5, 60 ± 2.2, and 2.7 ± 1.1 for the 4, 7, 30, and 85 % load experiments, respectively. The composition of secondary PM formed strongly depended on load. At 4 % load, secondary PM was dominated by secondary organic aerosol (SOA). At higher loads, the secondary PM was mainly secondary sulfate. A traditional SOA model that accounts for SOA formation from single-ring aromatics and other volatile organic compounds underpredicts the measured SOA formation by ~60 % at 4 % load and ~40 % at 85 % load. Large amounts of lower-volatiliy organic vapors were measured in the exhaust; they represent a significant pool of SOA precursors that are not included in traditional SOA models. These results underscore the importance of accounting for atmospheric processing when assessing the influence of aircraft emissions on ambient PM levels. Models that do not account for this processing will likely underpredict the contribution of aircraft emissions to local and regional air pollution

MSR1 Estimating lifetime benefits of optimizing secondary preventive treatment for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Objectives Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of mortality globally, costing the EU economy more than €200 billion annually. Whilst medical guidelines for the secondary prevention of CVD recommend thresholds for risk factor treatment, there is insufficient achievement of therapeutic goals. We targeted a literature gap to estimate lifetime benefits achievable via optimization of secondary preventive treatment of atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) patients, providing an estimation of anticipated benefits in population health (country level). Methods The simulation exercise used an existing analytical framework and the SMART-REACH survival model. A literature review identified CVD risk factors and ASCVD prevalence in EU4, Denmark, Poland, and the UK. A multivariable regression, which modelled treatment scenarios, was developed, giving baseline (risk free) event-free survival at 1-year. The model was replicated to generate coefficients for all risk-factors – 1-year survival estimates were based on all the risk factor inputs. Results Increasing ‘treatment coverage’ of hypertension and hyperlipidaemia from 43% to 70% and quitting smoking in the ASCVD population could lead to 38,288 life years gained per year across 7 countries. Broken down as: hypertension: 20, 215.1, 338.9, 352.7, 132.5, 161.7 and 225.7; hyperlipidaemia: 174.3, 1901.1, 2955.2, 2035.8, 1157.6, 713 and 717.4; smoking cessation: 424.6, 3916.7, 7193.7, 6421.3, 2821.2, 2362.5 and 4047.9 in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain and the UK. Enhancing diabetes treatment coverage could save an additional 56,066 years. In all countries, the combined effect of treatment (hypertension, hyperlipidaemia & diabetes) saves more life-years than quitting smoking, highlighting the importance of identifying and treating patients with hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes. Conclusions This unique approach develops estimates that can feed into strategies for research and policy for secondary prevention of CVD in Europe given the thousands of annual life years that could be accrued and the impact on quality-adjusted life expectancy, productivity and other dimensions of value

Oxygen-Ozone Treatment in Bisphosphonate Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Case Report

The bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) is defined as a drug-adverse reaction that involves the maxillary bones.&nbsp;It develops during or after a long-term bisphosphonate therapy in&nbsp;absence of radiotherapy [1].The clinical pattern was described for the first time by Marx RE in 2003, who observed the development of jaws osteonecrosis in patients underwent to Multiple Myeloma and Mammary Cancer therapy [2].Bisphosphonates (BF) pharmacokinetics consist in the osteoclast function interruption, angiogenesis inhibition, as well as blocking any cancer cell line activity together with the interruption of signal transduction [3]. In this way the bone regeneration is interrupted and osteonecrosis is more probable.</p

Cloud condensation nuclei activity of fresh primary and aged biomass burning aerosol

<p>We quantify the hygroscopic properties of particles freshly emitted from biomass burning and after several hours of photochemical aging in a smog chamber. Values of the hygroscopicity parameter, κ, were calculated from cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) measurements of emissions from combustion of 12 biomass fuels commonly burned in North American wildfires. Prior to photochemical aging, the κ of the fresh primary aerosol varied widely, between 0.06 (weakly hygroscopic) and 0.6 (highly hygroscopic). The hygroscopicity of the primary aerosol was positively correlated with the inorganic mass fraction of the particles. Photochemical processing reduced the range of κ values to between 0.08 and 0.3. The changes in κ were driven by the photochemical production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). SOA also contributed to growth of particles formed during nucleation events. Analysis of the nucleation mode particles enabled the first direct quantification of the hygroscopicity parameter κ for biomass burning SOA, which was on average 0.11, similar to values observed for biogenic SOA. Although initial CCN activity of biomass burning aerosol emissions are highly variable, after a few hours of photochemical processing κ converges to a value of 0.2 ± 0.1. Therefore, photochemical aging reduces the variability of biomass burning CCN κ, which should simplify analysis of the potential effects of biomass burning aerosol on climate.</p

Ten year incidence of HCV infection in northern Italy and frequency of spontaneous viral clearance

none12I.F.6.323noneMAZZEO C; AZZAROLI F; GIOVANELLI S; DORMI A; FESTI D; COLECCHIA A; MIRACOLO A; NATALE P; NIGRO G; ALBERTI A.; RODA A; MAZZELLA GMazzeo, C; Azzaroli, F; Giovanelli, S; Dormi, A; Festi, D; Colecchia, A; Miracolo, A; Natale, P; Nigro, G; Alberti, Alfredo; Roda, A; Mazzella, G