Correlating the site of tympanic membrane perforation with Hearing loss

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Coalition governance and foreign policy decision making

This article explores processes of coalition governance in foreign policy. Specifically, it argues that such processes are shaped by two interrelated dimensions of coalition set-up: first, the allocation of the foreign ministry to the senior or a junior coalition partner and, second, the degree of policy discretion which is delegated to that ministry. Bringing these two dimensions together, the article distinguishes four types of coalition arrangement for the making of foreign policy, which are expected to have predictable implications for the process of foreign policy-making and, ultimately, for the foreign policy outputs of multi-party coalitions and their quality

Intraosseous lipoma: radiological findings Lipoma intra-ósseo: achados radiológicos

OBJECTIVE: Intraosseous lipomas may be less rare lesions than previously suggested in the literature. They have frequently been misdiagnosed as other benign bone lesions. A combination of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and radiography is essential for decreasing misdiagnosis rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study presents ten cases of intraosseous lipoma. The patients' ages ranged from 25 to 80 years, and six of them were female. Six patients presented with bone pain, whereas four patients were asymptomatic with incidentally discovered lesions. The involved bones were: femur (four patients), tibia (two patients), calcaneus (one patient), sacrum (one patient), iliac bone (one patient), navicular bone (one patient). All of the patients were assessed by means of conventional radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the affected region. RESULTS: In all of the cases, plain films revealed well-defined lytic lesions. Both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were quite useful in demonstrating fat within the femur. The histologic pattern of all tumors was that of mature adipose tissue. CONCLUSION: Intraosseous lipoma is a well-defined entity that may develop with varying presentations. Plain radiographs alone cannot establish the diagnosis of this lesion. However, both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are quite useful methods in these cases.<br>OBJETIVO: Lipomas intra-ósseos podem ser lesões menos raras do que anteriormente sugerido na literatura. Freqüentemente têm sido erroneamente diagnosticados como outras lesões ósseas benignas. A combinação de tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética e radiografia é essencial para reduzir as taxas de erro diagnóstico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Este estudo retrospectivo apresenta dez casos de lipoma intra-ósseo. As idades dos pacientes variavam entre 25 e 80 anos, e seis deles eram do sexo feminino. Seis pacientes apresentavam dor óssea, enquanto quatro eram assintomáticos com lesões descobertas casualmente. Os ossos afetados foram: fêmur (quatro pacientes), tíbia (dois pacientes), calcâneo (um paciente), sacro (um paciente), osso ilíaco (um paciente), osso navicular (um paciente). Todos os pacientes foram avaliados por meio de radiografia convencional, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética das regiões afetadas. RESULTADOS: Em todos os casos, as radiografias revelaram lesões líticas bem delimitadas. Tanto a tomografia computadorizada como a ressonância magnética foram bastante úteis para demonstrar gordura dentro do tumor. O padrão histológico de todos os tumores caracterizou-se por tecido adiposo maduro. CONCLUSÃO: Lipoma intra-ósseo é uma entidade bem definida que pode se desenvolver com variadas apresentações. Radiografias convencionais, isoladamente, não podem diagnosticar essas lesões. Entretanto, a tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética são métodos bastante úteis nesses casos

Turner Syndrome

Turner syndrome (TS) summarises a heterogeneous group of patients with different chromosomal pathologies, including 45,X0 monosomy, mosaicism and structural abnormalities of the X chromosome. Monosomies usually lead to very early premature ovarian insufficiency, whereas mosaicism and structural abnormalities may preserve fertility. The genotype should therefore be taken into account in the indication for and implementation of a fertility preservation measure. The increased pregnancy risks in Turner syndrome must also be considered. Fertility preservation measures include freezing of oocytes and possibly ovarian tissue