Perilaku Kedermawanan (Generosity) Masyarakat Desa Brangsi Kecamatan Laren Kabupaten Lamongan

ABSTRAK Generosity atau kedermawanan pada seseorang amatlah dibutuhkan dalam meningkatkan kualitas hubungan anatara individu dengan individu yang lainnya dan hubungan undividu dengan lingkunagn sekitar. Perilaku kedermawanan masyarakat Desa Brangsi Kecamatan Laren Kabupaten Lamongan berbeda sekali dengan masyarakat yang berada di desa lain yang berada disekitarnya. Bentuk Perilaku kedermawanan tersebut berupa sosial keagamaan seperti, zakat, infaq, shadaqah maupun sosial kemasyarakatan seperti pembangunan jalan Desa, pembangunan masjid, pembangunan kantor kepala Desa, santunan bulanan bagi warga kurang mampu, dan santunan kesehatan. Kegiatan tersebut menjadi suatu kebiasaan bersama tanpa mengharapkan imbalan apapun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana bentuk pelaksanaan perilaku kedermawanan (generosity), berapa besar tingkat kedermawanan (generosity) dan apa motif perilaku kedermawanan (generosity) di kalangan masyarakat Desa Brangsi Kecamatan Laren Kabupten Lamongan. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Yakni, menggambarkan/melukiskan keadaan subjek/objek penelitian (seseorang, lembaga, masyarakat dan lain-lain) pada saat sekarang berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang tampak atau sebagaimana adanya dengan menekankan analisisnya pada data-data numerikal (angka) yang diolah dengan metode stastistika. Tehnik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui: (1) Observasi dan wawancara, (2) Skala psikologi, (3) Dokumentasi. Populasi penelitian ini 510 kepala keluarga. Untuk pengambilan populasi dilakukan dengan mengambil satu orang untuk dijadikan sampel pada tiap keluarga. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif ini, didapat bahwa pelaksanaan perilaku dermawan dalam bentuk sosial keagamaan meliputi zakat, infaq, shadaqah dan berkurban Sedangkan kegiatan sosial kemasyarakatan seperti halnya pembanguanan jalan poros desa, jalan penghubung antar rumah dan jalan penghubung antar desa yang ada di sekitarnya. Pembangunan pembuatan rumah bagi warga desa yang kurang mampu dan tidak memiliki sanak saudara. Tingkat kedermawanan masyarakat Desa Brangsi Kecamatan Laren Kabupaten Lamongan, pada kategori tinggi terdapat 332 orang dengan prosentase 65 %, pada kategori sedang terdapat 138 orang dengan prosentase 27 %, pada kategori rendah terdapat 40 orang dengan prosentase 8 %. Jumlah keseluruhan 510 orang dengan prosentase 100 %. Sedangkan Motif masyarakat Desa Brangsi dalam melakukan perilaku kedermawanan yaitu dari ajaran agama atau keyakinan yang dimiliki, kebiasaan turun-temurun yang dilakukan oleh para orang terdahulu atau para orang tua, pengaruh dari orang lain atau lingkungan sekitar dan self interest yang tumbuh dari dalam diri seseorang, dari beberapa motif yang paling dominan dalam melatar belakangi perilaku dermawan yaitu self interest. ABSTRACT Generosity or generosity to someone is very needed in improving the quality of the relationship between the individual with other individuals and relationships undividu with lingkunagn around. Conduct public generosity Village District Brangsi Laren Lamongan quite different communities residing in other villages located nearby. Forms of philanthropy in the form of social behavior such as religious, charity, infaq, charity or social community such as village roads, construction of the mosque, the construction of the village head's office, the monthly benefit for underprivileged citizens, and health benefits. The activity becomes a habit together without expecting any compensation. The purpose of this research is to find out how to shape the implementation of the behavior of philanthropy (generosity), how much the level of philanthropy (generosity) and what behavioral patterns philanthropy (generosity) in village society Brangsi Laren Kabupten Lamongan District. This research uses descriptive quantitative research. Namely, depicts / describes the state of the subject / object of study (person, institution, society, etc.) in the present based on the facts as they appear or by emphasizing its analysis of numerical data (numbers) are processed by the method stastistika. Techniques of data collection is done through: (1) observation and interviews, (2) psychology Scale, (3) Documentation. The study population was 510 heads of households. To capture the population is done by taking one person to be sampled in each family. Based on the results of this quantitative descriptive study, found that the implementation of social behavior in the form of religious benefactors include zakat, infaq, charity and sacrifice, while social activities such as management development axis village road, connecting road between the house and the road connecting the villages in the vicinity. Development of home-making for the rural poor and has no relatives. Village-level community generosity Brangsi Laren Lamongan District, in the high category there are 332 people with a percentage of 65%, in the medium category there are 138 people with a percentage of 27%, in the low category there are 40 people with the percentage of 8%. The total number of 510 people with a percentage of 100%. While the motive for the village community Brangsi generosity in doing the behavior that is of religious doctrine or belief that is owned, hereditary habits conducted by the previous person or the parents, the influence of others or the environment and self- interest that grew from within oneself. of some of the most dominant motif in the background of generous behavior that is self-interest

The Sewage Sludge Biochar and Its Composts Influence the Phosphate Sorption in an Alkaline–Calcareous Soil

This study evaluates the potential of sewage sludge, farm manure, rock phosphate, and their composts or biochar as useful materials for phosphorous (P) recovery. An alkaline–calcareous soil was incubated with different compost-based amendments to discern their impact on the P sorption characteristics. The treatments examined consisted of sewage sludge (SS), SS biochar (SS-BC), or composts of SS with rock phosphate (RP) and farm manure (FM) in different ratios, i.e., (i) control, (ii) SS, (iii) SS-BC, (iv) SS50:FM50, (v) SS75:FM25, (vi) SS25:FM25:RP50, (vii) SS50:FM25:RP25, (viii) SS75:FM0:RP25, and (ix) SS50:FM0:RP50. Prior to incubation for 45 days, the composts and biochar treatments combinations were characterized for elemental composition using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The treated soils were analyzed for soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Olsen’s P, and P adsorption isotherms, at day 5 and 45 of the incubation. Langmuir and Freundlich’s equations were used to calculate P adsorption. Results showed that there was no significant influence on soil pH for any treatment throughout the experiment. However, soil EC decreased significantly for all treatments after 5 days of incubation; however, this effect was diminished after 45 days of incubation. All the treatments significantly decreased P sorption capacity both at the start (day 5) and end of the incubation (day 45) period compared to control. The treatment combination SS25:FM25:RP50 recovered the highest Olsen-P (79.41 mg kg−1). The other treatment combinations including SS and FM also recovered a greater Olsen’s P compared to the control. However, the sole application of only SS showed lower P recovery than the control soil, which further decreased with increase in incubation time. These findings improve our understanding that the stable pool of bioavailable P within an alkaline calcareous soil can be mobilized by using different organic treatment combinations instead of only SS. However, further in situ investigations may help to valorize the potential of sewage sludge, farm manure, rock phosphate, and their composts or biochar to improve P recovery in alkaline–calcareous.</jats:p

Order-of-magnitude speedup for steady states and traveling waves via Stokes preconditioning in Channelflow and Openpipeflow

Steady states and traveling waves play a fundamental role in understanding hydrodynamic problems. Even when unstable, these states provide the bifurcation-theoretic explanation for the origin of the observed states. In turbulent wall-bounded shear flows, these states have been hypothesized to be saddle points organizing the trajectories within a chaotic attractor. These states must be computed with Newton's method or one of its generalizations, since time-integration cannot converge to unstable equilibria. The bottleneck is the solution of linear systems involving the Jacobian of the Navier-Stokes or Boussinesq equations. Originally such computations were carried out by constructing and directly inverting the Jacobian, but this is unfeasible for the matrices arising from three-dimensional hydrodynamic configurations in large domains. A popular method is to seek states that are invariant under numerical time integration. Surprisingly, equilibria may also be found by seeking flows that are invariant under a single very large Backwards-Euler Forwards-Euler timestep. We show that this method, called Stokes preconditioning, is 10 to 50 times faster at computing steady states in plane Couette flow and traveling waves in pipe flow. Moreover, it can be carried out using Channelflow (by Gibson) and Openpipeflow (by Willis) without any changes to these popular spectral codes. We explain the convergence rate as a function of the integration period and Reynolds number by computing the full spectra of the operators corresponding to the Jacobians of both methods.Comment: in Computational Modelling of Bifurcations and Instabilities in Fluid Dynamics, ed. Alexander Gelfgat (Springer, 2018

Errors in RNA-Seq quantification affect genes of relevance to human disease

BACKGROUND: RNA-Seq has emerged as the standard for measuring gene expression and is an important technique often used in studies of human disease. Gene expression quantification involves comparison of the sequenced reads to a known genomic or transcriptomic reference. The accuracy of that quantification relies on there being enough unique information in the reads to enable bioinformatics tools to accurately assign the reads to the correct gene. RESULTS: We apply 12 common methods to estimate gene expression from RNA-Seq data and show that there are hundreds of genes whose expression is underestimated by one or more of those methods. Many of these genes have been implicated in human disease, and we describe their roles. We go on to propose a two-stage analysis of RNA-Seq data in which multi-mapped or ambiguous reads can instead be uniquely assigned to groups of genes. We apply this method to a recently published mouse cancer study, and demonstrate that we can extract relevant biological signal from data that would otherwise have been discarded. CONCLUSIONS: For hundreds of genes in the human genome, RNA-Seq is unable to measure expression accurately. These genes are enriched for gene families, and many of them have been implicated in human disease. We show that it is possible to use data that may otherwise have been discarded to measure group-level expression, and that such data contains biologically relevant information. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0734-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research