A leitura no processo ensino aprendizagem em escolas da rede particular, na 4ª série do ensino fundamental em Belém do Pará: Uma busca para além decodificação

O presente estudo está baseado na Metodologia fenomenológica, com pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo. Apresenta como objetivo geral, analisar como se desenvolve o processo de ensino e aprendizagem de leitura, assim como, os estímulos e a prática do ato de ler em alunos de tenra idade em escolas particulares de Belém do Pará, em turmas da 4a Serie, do Ensino Fundamental. Tendo como objetivos específicos averiguar o ponto principal de indagação está centrado na questão se a leitura prática é apenas o desenvolvimento dos códigos linguísticos aprendidos, ou buscar não somente o processo de decodificar, sem considerar os aspectos mais abrangentes como a interpretação do texto, direcionado para o leitor ativo e atuante na compreensão das ideias do autor. Tal questionamento a respeito do processo de aprendizagem da leitura em nível fundamental das escolas particulares de Belém do Pará foi perguntado por meio de pesquisas de campo, a professores, alunos e para a coordenação, utilizando como instrumento de coleta de dados, questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas de opinião entrevistas e grupos focais. No decorrer deste estudo, nota-se que para formar leitores mirins, serão exigidos alguns requisitos importantes, como a escolha de bons livros e atividades norteadoras de estimulação em classe e até mesmo fora dela. Afim de que principalmente o aluno em fase inicial de aprendizagem, seja e sinta-se preparado e ainda, conscientizado da importância da leitura para o seu questionamento crítico, como cidadão do futuro. Para tanto, fatores que interferem no processo de leitura, tais como: títulos variados, histórias que versem a respeito do imaginário cultural, textos direcionados ao público infantil, que despertem o interesse do alunado, além de apenas lei os códigos linguísticos na aquisição do texto, sem obtenção dos critérios interpretativos, que este possa evocar. A leitura é tida pela sociedade em geral, como um fator que pode levar o individuo a descobertas de novos patamares e horizontes sociais, mas somente indo além do mecanismo na apresentação dos textos cm sala de aula, é que o professor poderá atingir os níveis de compreensão integral do sistema escrito. Ensinando a ler, com elementos fundamentais para a iniciação de leitura interpretativa e proficiente no ensino fundamental. ABSTRACT: The present study is based upon the Phenomenological Methodology, with field and bibliographic research. It presents as a main objective the analysis on how the teaching and learning educational process develop upon the reading skills, as well as the encouragement and practice of reading in students of young ages in private schools in Belém, state of Pará (Brazil), in fourth grade groups, in elementary school. Having set specific goals, the search is centered in the practical reading ability matter, and if such ability is of linguistic code development solely learned or the search of not only the decoding process, without taking in consideration the broadening aspects, such as text comprehension, targeting the active reader especially when it comes to the author's ideas. Such discussion regarding the reading learning process in elementary levels in private schools in Belém, state of Para (Brazil) is questioned by field research, teachers, students and the coordination, using as data collecting instruments, questionnaires with open and closed questions, interviews and focal groups. Along the study, regarding the formation of young readers, it requires some aspects, such as, the choice of good titles and in-class stimulating activities or even outdoor ones, so the students - especially the ones in the initial phase of learning- are and feel prepared and even conscious of the importance of the reading for their critical thinking- as a future citizen. Therefore, the factors that may interfere in the reading process, for instance, varied titles, stories that verse towards the cultural imaginary, texts directed to the young public, that awaken the interest of the student body, beyond the linguistic codes acquired in the texts, not obtaining the interpreting criteria that it might evoke. The reading is, by the society, a fundamental factor that might lead the human being to discovering new standards and social horizons, but only going further the typical mechanisms in presenting the texts in class, is when the teacher may reach the whole levels of comprehension of the written system, teaching how to read, with fundamental elements to the initial reading in elementary school

Tendências de temperaturas mínimas e máximas do ar no Estado de Minas Gerais

The objective of this work was to evaluate the trends in minimum and maximum air temperatures in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data from 43 municipalities were analyzed, considering annual and seasonal scales – January, April, July, and October, which represent the middle months of summer, autumn, winter, and spring, respectively. Historical series of minimum and maximum daily air temperatures, from at least 30 year, were analyzed by the Mann‑Kendall test and linear regressions. Trends were considered significant only if both evaluations were significant; in this case, the rates of temperature shift were determined. There was good agreement between the statistical tests for detecting trends in the historical series, for most municipalities. An increasing temperature trend of up to 1.5oC per decade was observed for minimum temperatures in July, with generalized increasing trends in the greatest part of the state in January and October, and also in the annual scale. Exceptions were verified mainly in municipalities at higher altitudes, in which minimum air temperatures decreased in winter. There is a predominance of municipalities with significant increasing temperature trend, regardless of the evaluation scale. Increasing temperature trends are expected to be more common in the south to north direction, in the state of Minas Gerais.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar tendências das temperaturas mínimas e máximas no Estado de Minas Gerais. Foram avaliados dados de 43 municípios, tendo-se considerado as escalas anual e sazonal – janeiro, abril, julho e outubro, que representam os meses centrais de verão, outono, inverno e primavera, respectivamente. Séries históricas de temperaturas mínimas e máximas do ar diárias, com extensão mínima de 30 anos, foram analisadas com base no teste de Mann‑Kendall e no uso de regressão linear simples. As tendências foram consideradas significativas somente quando ambas as avaliações foram significativas; neste caso, determinaram-se as taxas de alteração das temperaturas. Houve boa concordância entre os testes de significância para a detecção de tendências nas séries históricas, na maioria dos municípios. Observou-se tendência de elevação das temperaturas mínimas em julho de até 1,5ºC por década, com tendências generalizadas de aumento na maior parte do estado, em outubro e janeiro, e também na escala anual. Exceções foram verificadas especialmente em municípios de maiores altitudes, em que as temperaturas mínimas diminuíram no inverno. Há predominância de municípios com tendência significativa de aumento de temperaturas, independentemente da escala de avaliação. Tendências de aumento nas temperaturas são esperadas mais comumente no sentido sul–norte do Estado de Minas Gerais

In Vitro and In Vivo Investigation of the Efficacy of Arylimidamide DB1831 and Its Mesylated Salt Form - DB1965 - against Trypanosoma cruzi Infection

Chagas disease is caused by infection with the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. At present, nifurtimox and benznidazole, both compounds developed empirically over four decades ago, represent the chemotherapeutic arsenal for treating this highly neglected disease. However, both drugs present variable efficacy depending on the geographical area and the occurrence of natural resistance, and are poorly effective against the later chronic stage. As a part of a search for new therapeutic opportunities to treat chagasic patients, pre-clinical studies were performed to characterize the activity of a novel arylimidamide (AIA - DB1831 (hydrochloride salt) and DB1965 (mesylate salt)) against T.cruzi. These AIAs displayed a high trypanocidal effect in vitro against both relevant forms in mammalian hosts, exhibiting a high selectivity index and a very high efficacy (IC50 value/48 h of 5–40 nM) against intracellular parasites. DB1965 shows high activity in vivo in acute experimental models (mouse) of T.cruzi, showing a similar effect to benznidazole (Bz) when compared under a scheme of 10 daily consecutive doses with 12.5 mg/kg. Although no parasitological cure was observed after treating with 20 daily consecutive doses, a combined dosage of DB1965 (5 mg/kg) with Bz (50 mg/kg) resulted in parasitaemia clearance and 100% animal survival. In summary, our present data confirmed that aryimidamides represent promising new chemical entities against T.cruzi in therapeutic schemes using the AIA alone or in combination with other drugs, like benznidazole

O PAPEL DA SAÚDE BUCAL NA QUALIDADE DE VIDA DE PESSOAS PORTADORAS DA SÍNDROME DE DOWN

Down syndrome (DS) or trisomy of chromosome 21, as it is also known worldwide, is characterized by an error in chromosome distribution with the presence of an extra chromosome in the distal portion of it, generating specific physical and clinical characteristics throughout life of these people.  Thus, it is necessary that dental surgeons are scientifically grounded to efficiently assist patients with DS.  There are difficulties evidenced by Patients with Special Needs (PNE), especially Down Syndrome and their respective caregivers about prevention in the dental area, so this paper aims to identify and discuss the main issues related to the role of oral health in the quality of dental care.  life of people with Down syndrome.  A search of works was carried out in the following electronic databases: BIREME and PubMed, between the years 2010 to 2020. The search for electronic databases retrieved 22 articles.  After reading the title and abstract, reading in full and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 09 articles were selected.  It is concluded that there are frequent oral changes in people with Down Syndrome and some of these can be observed and treated from the first months of the child's life.  In this way, this study contributes scientifically to the general knowledge of problems and frequent oral changes in people with DS and clarifies their means of prevention and dental treatments since early childhood as a way of improving quality of life and well-being of these patients.  A Síndrome de Down (SD) ou Trissomia do cromossomo 21, como também é mundialmente conhecida, é caracterizada por um erro na distribuição cromossômica com a presença de um cromossomo extra na porção distal do mesmo, gerando características físicas e clínicas específicas ao longo da vida dessas pessoas. Deste modo é necessário que os Cirurgiões-Dentistas estejam cientificamente embasados para atender com eficiência os pacientes portadores da SD. Há dificuldades comprovadas por Pacientes com Necessidades Especiais (PNE), em especial Síndrome de Down e seus respectivos cuidadores sobre prevenção na área odontológica, deste modo o presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar e discutir as principais questões relacionadas ao papel da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida de pessoas portadoras da Síndrome de Down. Realizou-se uma pesquisa de trabalhos nas seguintes bases de dados eletrônica: BIREME e PubMed, entre os anos de 2010 a 2020. A busca das bases eletrônicas recuperou 22 artigos. Após a leitura do título e resumo, leitura na integra e aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão foi selecionado um total de 09 artigos. Conclui-se que há alterações bucais frequentes em pessoas portadoras da Síndrome de Down e algumas dessas podem ser observadas e tratadas desde os primeiros meses de vida da criança. Desta forma, o presente estudo contribui de forma científica para o conhecimento geral de problemas e alterações bucais frequentes nas pessoas portadoras da SD e elucida seus meios de prevenção e tratamentos odontológicos desde a primeira infância como forma de melhoria na qualidade de vida e bem-estar desses pacientes

Leishmania infantum Virulence Factor A2 Protein: Linear B-Cell Epitope Mapping and Identification of Three Main Linear B-Cell Epitopes in Vaccinated and Naturally Infected Dogs

In Brazil, canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is caused by Leishmania infantum, presenting a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Dogs are the main parasite reservoir in urban areas and canine cases precede human infection. Currently, A2 protein based Leish-Tec® vaccine is the only vaccine commercially available against CVL in Brazil. Considering that the main screening and confirmatory tests of canine infection are serological, it is possible that the antibody response elicited after vaccination interfere with diagnosis, leading to the inability to distinguish between vaccinated and infected animals. In order to identify the specific B-cell response induced after vaccination, A2 protein sequence was screened for main linear B-cell epitopes using in silico prediction (Bepipred) and immunological confirmation by ELISA. Three amino acid sequences were described as potential B-cell epitopes (SV11-SAEPHKAAVDV, PP16-PQSVGPLSVGPQSVGP, and VQ34-VGPLSVGPQSVGPLSVGPLSVGPQAVGPLSVGPQ). Specific IgG ELISAs were performed in sera of 12 immunized dogs living in non-endemic areas, followed for up to 1 year after immunization. The results were compared with those obtained in a group of 10 symptomatic and 10 asymptomatic CVL dogs. All predicted epitopes were confirmed as linear B-cell epitopes broadly recognized by sera from studied dogs. Total IgG ELISAs demonstrated distinct patterns of response between peptides in the immunized and CVL groups. VQ34 peptide was recognized by the majority of sera from vaccinated and symptomatic dogs, and increases after vaccination. PP16 induced low levels of specific IgG that increased 1 year after immunization. Interestingly, a low frequency of reactivity was found against SV11 in naturally infected dogs (symptomatic and asymptomatic), while 83.3% of vaccinated dogs presented positive responses 1 year after immunization. The two animals in the vaccinated group that did not respond to SV11 1 year after immunization presented positive serology both 30 days and 6 months after immunization. In summary, we identified three main linear B-cell epitopes in A2 based vaccine. Moreover, the humoral response against SV11 presented marked differences between infected and Leish-Tec vaccinated dogs, and should be further investigated, in large trials, to confirm its potential as a serological marker able to distinguish between infected and vaccinated dogs

Evaluation of Arylimidamides DB1955 and DB1960 as Candidates against Visceral Leishmaniasis and Chagas' Disease: In Vivo Efficacy, Acute Toxicity, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicology Studies

ABSTRACT Arylimidamides (AIAs) have shown outstanding in vitro potency against intracellular kinetoplastid parasites, and the AIA 2,5-bis[2-(2-propoxy)-4-(2-pyridylimino)aminophenyl]furan dihydrochloride (DB766) displayed good in vivo efficacy in rodent models of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and Chagas' disease. In an attempt to further increase the solubility and in vivo antikinetoplastid potential of DB766, the mesylate salt of this compound and that of the closely related AIA 2,5-bis[2-(2-cyclopentyloxy)-4-(2-pyridylimino)aminophenyl]furan hydrochloride (DB1852) were prepared. These two mesylate salts, designated DB1960 and DB1955, respectively, exhibited dose-dependent activity in the murine model of VL, with DB1960 inhibiting liver parasitemia by 51% at an oral dose of 100 mg/kg/day × 5 and DB1955 reducing liver parasitemia by 57% when given by the same dosing regimen. In a murine Trypanosoma cruzi infection model, DB1960 decreased the peak parasitemia levels that occurred at 8 days postinfection by 46% when given orally at 100 mg/kg/day × 5, while DB1955 had no effect on peak parasitemia levels when administered by the same dosing regimen. Distribution studies revealed that these compounds accumulated to micromolar levels in the liver, spleen, and kidneys but to a lesser extent in the heart, brain, and plasma. A 5-day repeat-dose toxicology study with DB1960 and DB1955 was also conducted with female BALB/c mice, with the compounds administered orally at 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg/day. In the high-dose groups, DB1960 caused changes in serum chemistry, with statistically significant increases in serum blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels, and a 21% decrease in body weight was observed in this group. These changes were consistent with microscopic findings in the livers and kidneys of the treated animals. The incidences of observed clinical signs (hunched posture, tachypnea, tremors, and ruffled fur) were more frequent in DB1960-treated groups than in those treated with DB1955. However, histopathological examination of tissue samples indicated that both compounds had adverse effects at all dose levels