Looking to the future of zebrafish as a model to understand the genetic basis of eye disease

In this brief commentary, we provide some of our thoughts and opinions on the current and future use of zebrafish to model human eye disease, dissect pathological progression and advance in our understanding of the genetic bases of microphthalmia, andophthalmia and coloboma (MAC) in humans. We provide some background on eye formation in fish and conservation and divergence across vertebrates in this process, discuss different approaches for manipulating gene function and speculate on future research areas where we think research using fish may prove to be particularly effective

Effect of applied voltage, duration and repetition frequency of RF pulses for pain relief on temperature spikes and electrical field: a computer modeling study

Background: The thermal and electrical effects of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) for pain relief can be controlled by modifying the characteristics of the RF pulses applied. Our goal was to evaluate the influence of such modifications on the thermal and electric performance in tissue. Methods: A computational model was developed to compare the temperature and electric field time courses in tissue between a standard clinical protocol (45 V pulses, 20 ms duration, 2 Hz repetition frequency) and a new protocol (55 V pulses, 5 ms duration, 5 Hz repetition frequency) with a higher applied electric field but a smaller impact on temperature alterations in tissue. The effect of including a temperature controller was assessed. Complementarily, an agar-based experimental model was developed to validate the methodology employed in the computer modeling. Results: The new protocol increased the electric field magnitude reached in the tissue by around +20%, without increasing the temperature. The temperature controller was found to be the fundamental factor in avoiding thermal damage to the tissue and reduced the total number of pulses delivered by around 67%. The experimental results matched moderately well with those obtained from a computer model built especially to mimic the experimental conditions. Conclusions: For the same delivered energy, the new protocol significantly increases the magnitude of the applied electric field, which may be the reason why it is clinically more effective in achieving pain relief

Looking to the future of zebrafish as a model to understand the genetic basis of eye disease

In this brief commentary, we provide some of our thoughts and opinions on the current and future use of zebrafish to model human eye disease, dissect pathological progression and advance in our understanding of the genetic bases of microphthalmia, andophthalmia and coloboma (MAC) in humans. We provide some background on eye formation in fish and conservation and divergence across vertebrates in this process, discuss different approaches for manipulating gene function and speculate on future research areas where we think research using fish may prove to be particularly effective

Quantitative determination of total methamphetamine and active metabolites in rat tissue by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection

High-throughput liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS) methodology for the determination of methamphetamine (METH), amphetamine (AMP), 4-hydroxymethamphetamine (4-OH-METH), and 4-hydroxyamphetamine (4-OH-AMP) was developed and validated using simple trichloroacetic acid sample treatment. The method was validated in rat serum, brain, and testis. Lower limits-of-quantitation (LOQ) for METH and AMP were 1 ng·mL−1 using positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The accuracy of the method was within 25% of the actual values over a wide range of analyte concentrations. The within-assay precision was better than 12% (coefficient of variation). The method was linear over a wide dynamic range (0.3–1000 ng·mL−1). Quantitation was possible in all 3 matrices using only serum standards because of minimal matrix-associated ion effects or the use of an internal standard. Finally, the LC-MS/MS method was used to determine serum, brain, and testis METH and AMP concentrations during a subcutaneous infusion (5.6 mg kg−1 day−1) of METH in rats. Concentrations of 4-OH-AMP and 4-OH-METH were below the LOQ in experimental samples. The bias introduced by using serum calibrators for the determination of METH and AMP concentrations in testis and brain was less than 8% and insignificant relative to the interanimal variability