Deconstructing the outsider puzzle: The legitimation journey of novelty

The proposition that outsiders often are crucial carriers of novelty into an established institutional field has received wide empirical support. But an equally compelling proposition points to the following puzzle: the very same conditions that enhance outsiders' ability to make novel contributions also hinder their ability to carry them out. We seek to address this puzzle by examining the contextual circumstances that affect the legitimation of novelty originating from a noncertified outsider that challenged the status quo in an established institutional field. Our research case material is John Harrison's introduction of a new mechanical method for measuring longitude at sea-the marine chronometer- which challenged the dominant astronomical approach.We find that whether an outsider's new offer gains or is denied legitimacy is influenced by (1) the outsider's agency to further a new offer, (2) the existence of multiple audiences with different dispositions toward this offer, and (3) the occurrence of an exogenous jolt that helps create a more receptive social space. We organize these insights into a multilevel conceptual framework that builds on previouswork but attributes a more decisive role to the interplay between endogenous and exogenous variables in shaping a field's shifting receptiveness to novelty. The framework exposes the interdependencies between the micro-, meso-, and macro-level processes that jointly affect an outsider's efforts to introduce novelty into an existing field

Computational On-Chip Imaging of Nanoparticles and Biomolecules using Ultraviolet Light

Significant progress in characterization of nanoparticles and biomolecules was enabled by the development of advanced imaging equipment with extreme spatial-resolution and sensitivity. To perform some of these analyses outside of well-resourced laboratories, it is necessary to create robust and cost-effective alternatives to existing high-end laboratory-bound imaging and sensing equipment. Towards this aim, we have designed a holographic on-chip microscope operating at an ultraviolet illumination wavelength (UV) of 266 nm. The increased forward scattering from nanoscale objects at this short wavelength has enabled us to detect individual sub-30 nm nanoparticles over a large field-of- view of > 16 mm(2) using an on-chip imaging platform, where the sample is placed at <= 0.5 mm away from the active area of an opto-electronic sensor-array, without any lenses in between. The strong absorption of this UV wavelength by biomolecules including nucleic acids and proteins has further enabled high-contrast imaging of nanoscopic aggregates of biomolecules, e.g., of enzyme Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase, abnormal aggregation of which is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-a fatal neurodegenerative disease. This UV-based wide-field computational imaging platform could be valuable for numerous applications in biomedical sciences and environmental monitoring, including disease diagnostics, viral load measurements as well as air-and water-quality assessment.Army Research Office (ARO) [W911NF-13-1-0419, W911NF-13-1-0197]; ARO Life Sciences Division; National Science Foundation (NSF) CBET Division Biophotonics Program; NSF Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation (EFRI) Award; NSF EAGER Award; NSF INSPIRE Award; NSF Partnerships for Innovation; Building Innovation Capacity (PFI: BIC) Program; Office of Naval Research (ONR); National Institutes of Health (NIH); Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI); Vodafone Americas Foundation; Vodafone Americas Foundation, the Mary Kay Foundation; Steven & Alexandra Cohen Foundation; KAUST; RGK Foundation [20143057]; National Science Foundation [0963183]; American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA)This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Upscaling of fractured oil reservoirs using homogenization including non-equilibrium capillary pressure and relative permeability

Recovery from incompletely water-wet fractured reservoirs can be extremely low. A reason for the low recovery is related to wetting issues, whereas the reason for slow recovery can be the non-equilibrium behavior of capillary pressure. One of the non-equilibrium theories is developed by Barenblatt et al. and itmodifies both capillary pressure and relative permeabilities. The other theory is developed by Hassanizadeh et al. and it only deals with non-equilibrium effects for capillary pressure. To incorporate non-equilibrium in larger-scale problems, we apply homogenization to derive an upscaled model for fractured reservoirs in which the nonequilibrium effects are included. We formulate a fully implicit three-dimensional upscaled numerical model. Furthermore, we develop a computationally efficient numerical approach to solve the upscaled model. We use simulations to determine the range of delay times and capillary-damping coefficients for which discernable effects occur in terms of oil recovery. It is shown that at low Peclet numbers, i.e., when the residence time of the fluids in the fracture is long with respect to the imbibition time, incorporation of delay times of the order of few months have no significant effect on the oil recovery. However, when the Peclet number is large, the delay times reduce the rate of oil recovery. We discuss for which values of the delay time (Barenblatt) and capillary-damping coefficient (Hassanizadeh), significant delays in oil production occur.Geoscience & EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience

Upscaling of fractured oil reservoirs using homogenization including non-equilibrium capillary pressure and relative permeability

Recovery from incompletely water-wet fractured reservoirs can be extremely low. A reason for the low recovery is related to wetting issues, whereas the reason for slow recovery can be the non-equilibrium behavior of capillary pressure. One of the non-equilibrium theories is developed by Barenblatt et al. and itmodifies both capillary pressure and relative permeabilities. The other theory is developed by Hassanizadeh et al. and it only deals with non-equilibrium effects for capillary pressure. To incorporate non-equilibrium in larger-scale problems, we apply homogenization to derive an upscaled model for fractured reservoirs in which the nonequilibrium effects are included. We formulate a fully implicit three-dimensional upscaled numerical model. Furthermore, we develop a computationally efficient numerical approach to solve the upscaled model. We use simulations to determine the range of delay times and capillary-damping coefficients for which discernable effects occur in terms of oil recovery. It is shown that at low Peclet numbers, i.e., when the residence time of the fluids in the fracture is long with respect to the imbibition time, incorporation of delay times of the order of few months have no significant effect on the oil recovery. However, when the Peclet number is large, the delay times reduce the rate of oil recovery. We discuss for which values of the delay time (Barenblatt) and capillary-damping coefficient (Hassanizadeh), significant delays in oil production occur.Geoscience & EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience