Characteristics of Stem Cells Derived from the Degenerated Human Intervertebral Disc Cartilage Endplate

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adult tissues are an important candidate for cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine due to their multipotential differentiation capability. MSCs have been identified in many adult tissues but have not reported in the human intervertebral disc cartilage endplate (CEP). The initial purpose of this study was to determine whether MSCs exist in the degenerated human CEP. Next, the morphology, proliferation capacity, cell cycle, cell surface epitope profile and differentiation capacity of these CEP-derived stem cells (CESCs) were compared with bone-marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs). Lastly, whether CESCs are a suitable candidate for BM-MSCs was evaluated. Isolated cells from degenerated human CEP were seeded in an agarose suspension culture system to screen the proliferative cell clusters. Cell clusters were chosen and expanded in vitro and were compared with BM-MSCs derived from the same patient. The morphology, proliferation rate, cell cycle, immunophenotype and stem cell gene expression of the CESCs were similar to BM-MSCs. In addition, the CESCs could be induced into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and are superior to BM-MSCs in terms of osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. This study is first to demonstrate the presence of stem cells in the human degenerated CEP. These results may improve our understanding of intervertebral disc (IVD) pathophysiology and the degeneration process, and could provide cell candidates for cell-based regenerative medicine and tissue engineering

Clinical applications of PD-L1 bioassays for cancer immunotherapy

Abstract Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has emerged as a biomarker that can help to predict responses to immunotherapies targeted against PD-L1 and its receptor (PD-1). Companion tests for evaluating PD-L1 expression as a biomarker of response have been developed for many cancer immunotherapy agents. These assays use a variety of detection platforms at different levels (protein, mRNA), employ diverse biopsy and surgical samples, and have disparate positivity cutoff points and scoring systems, all of which complicate the standardization of clinical decision-making. This review summarizes the current understanding and ongoing investigations regarding PD-L1 expression as a potential biomarker for clinical outcomes of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy

Poliomielite, filantropia e fisioterapia: o nascimento da profissão de fisioterapeuta no Rio de Janeiro dos anos 1950 Poliomyelitis, philanthropy and physiotherapy: the birth of the career of physiotherapist in Rio de Janeiro in the 1950s

As epidemias de poliomielite no país e especialmente no Rio de Janeiro deixaram centenas de crianças com seqüelas durante os anos 1950. O clamor social diante da epidemia de poliomielite, as matérias na imprensa e a associação de médicos experientes a empresários, industriais, banqueiros e familiares das vítimas de poliomielite criaram as condições para o surgimento de uma entidade filantrópica de luta contra a paralisia infantil. A Associação Brasileira Beneficente de Reabilitação (ABBR) foi fundada em 1954 e, dois anos depois, criou a Escola de Reabilitação do Rio de Janeiro (ERRJ), a primeira instituição a formar fisioterapeutas em nível superior no país. Este artigo realiza uma análise sociohistórica da profissionalização da fisioterapia no Rio de Janeiro, ao longo do processo de criação e reconhecimento da ERRJ. Ao final, conclui-se que a epidemia de poliomielite teve papel central na criação da Escola de Reabilitação e que esta instituição, por sua vez, influenciou fortemente no reconhecimento e na profissionalização da fisioterapia no país.<br>The polio epidemics in the country and especially in Rio de Janeiro left hundreds of children with sequels in the 1950s. The public outcry over the polio epidemic, the reports in the press and the association of experienced physicians with businessmen, bankers and relatives of victims created the conditions for the emergence of a philanthropic entity to combat infantile paralysis. The Brazilian Beneficent Association of Rehabilitation (BBAR) was founded in 1954, and two years later the association created the School of Rehabilitation of Rio de Janeiro (SRRJ), the first institution to graduate physiotherapists in the country. This article presents a socio-historical analysis of the establishment of physiotherapy as a profession in Rio de Janeiro in the course of the creation and accreditation of the School of Rehabilitation. It is concluded that the polio epidemics played a central role in the creation of the School of Rehabilitation and that conversely this institution had a strong influence in the recognition of physiotherapy as a health profession in the country