Blood pressure disturbance in diabetes mellitus

Background: Arterial hypertension and, less often, postural hypotension are frequently associated with diabetes mellitus, and with diabetic complications and death.Aim: To review data on the relationship between hypertension and nephropathy in diabetes mellitus.Methods: We reviewed data on both retinopathy and nephropathy in hypertensive diabetic patients. Data suggesting that vasopressin levels might affect blood pressure in upright patients with postural hypotension due to cardiocirculatory diabetic neuropathy were also examined. Antihypertensive treatment during different phases of diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes was reviewed.Results: The data showed that hydrochlorothiazide and nitrendipine reduce urinary protein excretion in parallel with a reduction in blood pressure. However, the decreases in urinary protein excretion induced by captopril are not correlated with a reduction in blood pressure and may be related to decreases in intraglomerular pressure found in patients with mild renal failure taking furosemide. Domperidone, a peripherally acting dopaminergic antagonist is an additional therapeutic option for the treatment of diabetic postural hypotension.ESCOLA PAULISTA MED SCH,DIV NEPHROL,DISCIPLINA NEFROL,RUA BOTUCATU 740,BR-04023 SAO PAULO,BRAZILESCOLA PAULISTA MED SCH,DIV ENDOCRINOL,BR-04023 SAO PAULO,BRAZILESCOLA PAULISTA MED SCH,DIV NEPHROL,DISCIPLINA NEFROL,RUA BOTUCATU 740,BR-04023 SAO PAULO,BRAZILESCOLA PAULISTA MED SCH,DIV ENDOCRINOL,BR-04023 SAO PAULO,BRAZILWeb of Scienc

Diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: risk factors and prevention

A nefropatia diabética (ND) é responsável pelo aumento do número de pacientes em diálise em países em desenvolvimento, e já é a principal causa de terapia de substituição renal nos países desenvolvidos. Neste manuscrito, revisamos os fatores de risco e apontamos estratégias para prevenir esta complicação microvascular nos pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2 (DM2). Alguns fatores de risco genéticos e não-genéticos estão relacionados ao desenvolvimento e à progressão da ND em pacientes DM2. Genes candidatos têm sido analisados, mas ainda há controvérsias sobre os marcadores genéticos da doença. Os fatores de risco não-genéticos reconhecidos são o mau controle glicêmico, pressórico e lipídico. Além disso, tem sido sugerido que a presença de retinopatia diabética e de neuropatia autonômica, do hábito de fumar, da alta ingestão protéica, e de níveis mais altos de albuminúria (mesmo dentro dos níveis normais) estão associados com um risco aumentado de desenvolvimento de ND. Algumas estratégias têm sido investigadas e comprovadas para prevenir ou, no mínimo, postergar o desenvolvimento da ND, tais como o controle da pressão arterial, da glicemia e da dislipidemia. Adicionalmente, os inibidores da ECA e os bloqueadores da angiotensina II apresentam efeitos independentes, não apenas explicado pelo controle da pressão arterial. Outras medidas terapêuticas são a baixa ingestão de proteínas na dieta e a suspensão do fumo.Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is responsible for the increasing number of patients on dialysis in developing countries, and is already the most common cause of renal replacement therapy in the developed ones. In this manuscript, we review the risk factors and point out strategies to prevent this microvascular complication in type 2 diabetic patients (DM2). There are some known genetic and non-genetic risk factors related to the development and progression of DN in DM2 patients. Candidate genes have been analysed, but there are still controversy about the genetic markers of the disease. Recognized non-genetic risk factors are poor glycemic, pressoric and lipidic control. Additionally, it has been suggested that the presence of diabetic retinopathy, autonomic neuropathy, smoking habit, higher protein ingestion, and higher normal levels of albuminuria (even within the normal range) are associated with an increased risk of developing DN. Some strategies have been investigated and proved to prevent or at least to postpone DN, such as to control blood pressure, glycemic levels and dyslipidemia. Furthermore, angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-II blockers have independent effects, not explained by blood pressure control alone. Other therapeutic items are to consume a low protein diet and to quit smoking