債権の二重譲渡と物権の二重譲渡はどこが違う？

第一部　主題　　　第二部　教員ゼミ[特別企画]インターカレッジ民法討論

Distinct gene expression signatures induced by viral transactivators of different HTLV-1 subgroups that confer a different risk of HAM/TSP

Abstract Background Among human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected individuals, there is an association between HTLV-1 tax subgroups (subgroup-A or subgroup-B) and the risk of HAM/TSP in the Japanese population. To investigate the role of HTLV-1 subgroups in viral pathogenesis, we studied the functional difference in the subgroup-specific viral transcriptional regulators Tax and HBZ using microarray analysis, reporter gene assays, and evaluation of viral-host protein–protein interaction. Results (1) Transcriptional changes in Jurkat Tet-On human T-cells that express each subgroup of Tax or HBZ protein under the control of an inducible promoter revealed different target gene profiles; (2) the number of differentially regulated genes induced by HBZ was 2–3 times higher than that induced by Tax; (3) Tax and HBZ induced the expression of different classes of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs); (4) the chemokine CXCL10, which has been proposed as a prognostic biomarker for HAM/TSP, was more efficiently induced by subgroup-A Tax (Tax-A) than subgroup-B Tax (Tax-B), in vitro as well as in unmanipulated (ex vivo) PBMCs obtained from HAM/TSP patients; (5) reporter gene assays indicated that although transient Tax expression in an HTLV-1-negative human T-cell line activated the CXCL10 gene promoter through the NF-κB pathway, there was no difference in the ability of each subgroup of Tax to activate the CXCL10 promoter; however, (6) chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that the ternary complex containing Tax-A is more efficiently recruited onto the promoter region of CXCL10, which contains two NF-κB binding sites, than that containing Tax-B. Conclusions Our results indicate that different HTLV-1 subgroups are characterized by different patterns of host gene expression. Differential expression of pathogenesis-related genes by subgroup-specific Tax or HBZ may be associated with the onset of HAM/TSP

Solid-State Polycondensation via Ionic-to-Covalent Bond Transformation to Control Polymer Structure: Preparation of Porphyrin-Based Ladder Polymer

The controlled formation and the regular arrangement of polymer chains have been performed by novel solid-state polycondensation including the ionic-to-covalent bond transformation in the ionic molecular crystals. The combination of the tetra-anion and -cation of tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives, tetrakis­(benzylpyridinium carboxylate), was found to form layered crystal structures and underwent thermal solid-state polycondensation, thus, releasing the pyridine and forming the benzyl ester linkages. Powder X-ray diffraction, when compared to the monomer crystal structure data, suggested that the ladder polymer was produced with a layered structure

O-X-B Heating of Overdense Plasmas by 54.5 GHz Electron Cyclotron Waves in CHS

An evident increase in the plasma stored energy by applying 54.5 GHz electron cyclotron (EC) waves has been observed in plasmas sustained by neutral beam injection (NBI) with line-averaged electron density of above 3.8 × 1019 m?3, that is, the cut-off density of the 54.5 GHz waves, in the Compact Helical System (CHS). The heating effect can be seen even for high-density over 8 × 1019 m?3: more than twice the cut-off density. The 54.5GHz EC-wave beam is obliquely injected to high-density plasmas. The scanning of the EC-wave beam direction gives the evident increase in the stored energy at the beam direction where the leakage EC-wave power from the CHS vacuum vessel becomes almost the minimum. The most possible cause for this heating mechanism is an electron Bernstein wave heating via an Ordinary ? eXtraordinary ? Bernstein (O-X-B) mode conversion process