ORIGEM E RAMIFICAÇÕES DAS ARTÉRIAS MESENTÉRICAS CRANIAL E CAUDAL EM TARTARUGA DA AMAZÔNIA Podocnemis expansa Schweigger, 1812, (Testudinata-pelomedusidae)

Foram estudadas cinco Podocnemis expansa, fêmeas, cujo peso variava de 550 a 850 g. Os animais tiveram seu sistema arterial injetado com solução corada de látex sintético, fixados e armazenados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. Após abertura da cavidade celomática, as artérias mesentéricas cranial e caudal foram dissecadas. Encontrou-se a artéria mesentérica cranial como um ramo do tronco celíaco-mesentérico e originando as artérias pancreaticoduodenal caudal, ileocólica e jejunais, que irrigam o duodeno, pâncreas, cólon, íleo e jejuno, respectivamente. A artéria mesentérica caudal origina-se da aorta (60%) ou da artéria ilíaca comum (40%), distribuindo-se para o cólon e reto. Origin and ramifications of the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries in Amazonian turtle - Podocnemis expansa Schweigger, 1812, Testudinata-Pelomedusidae Abstract An anatomic study has been carried out on the mesenteric arteries of five Podocnemis expansa females weighing from 550 to 680 g. The animals had their artery system injected with a latex solution colored with a specific pigment and were then fixed in a 10% formol solution. After the coelomatic cavity being opened the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries were dissected. It has been found that the cranial mesenteric artery is a branch of the coeliac mesenteric trunk while the cranial mesenteric artery gives off the pancreatic-duodenal , ileocolic and jejunal arteries that irrigate the duodenum, pancreas, colon, ileum and jejunum respectively. The aorta gives origen of as much as 60% of the caudal mesenteric artery, the remaining 40 % being originated from the common ileac artery, their branches reaching the colon and the rectum

Economical Valuation Of The Erosion Effect In Soil Managemnet Systems Employing The Replacement Cost Method [valoração Econômica Do Efeito Da Erosão Em Sistemas De Manejo Do Solo Empregando O Método Custo De Reposição]

The accelerate soil erosion constitutes an important process of agricultural land quality degradation. Often, only the physical soil losses are assessed, neglecting the economical effects of those losses, which could be estimated by applying methods of economical valuation. This work intended to apply the Replacement Cost method to evaluate economically the nutrient losses by erosion from a Rhodic Hapludox. Data concerning soil and nutrient losses were analyzed from two experiments performed in Campinas (SP. In Experiment I (1990-1996), eight treatments were tested, one for each experimental parcel, and the repetitions were the years. In Experiment II (2003-2005), two treatments were tested with four replications, for two growing seasons. In Experiment I, significant differences between treatments occurred in relation to soil and nutrient losses. The "no-tillage" was the best treatment to control the soil erosion losses, whereas the "plowing downhill" was the worst treatment. Apparently, the soil erosion losses didn't affect the corn yields, because differences between treatments were not statistically significant. Also, no significant differences were found between treatments in relation to the costs of nutrient replacement. The differences between treatments of Experiment II were not significant for any analyzed attribute, maybe due to a residual effect from treatments of Experiment I (previous). The Replacement Cost method can be applied as an indicator on the evaluation of the sustainability of soil management systems. However, in long-term experiments, the annual variation of prices of fertilizers and labor could mask the effects of the treatment themselves.701113121Blevins, R.L., Frye, W.W., Conservation tillage: An ecological approach to soil management (1993) Advances in Agronomy, 51, pp. 33-78Cassol, E.A., de Lima, V.S., Erosão em entressulcos sob diferentes tipos de preparo e manejo do solo (2003) Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 38, pp. 117-124Castro, O.M., Lombardi, N.F., Vieira, S.R., Dechen, S.C.F., Sistemas convencionais e reduzidos de preparo do solo e as perdas por erosão (1986) Revista Brasileira De Ciência Do Solo, 10, pp. 167-171Dixon, J.A., Hufschmidt, M.M., (1986) Economic Valuation for the Environment: A Case Study Workbook, p. 203. , Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University PressEltz, F.L.F., Mehl, H.U., Reichert, J.M., Perdas de solo e água em entressulcos em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo submetido a quatro padrões de chuva (2001) Revista Brasileira De Ciência Do Solo, 25, pp. 485-494Gardner, K., Barrows, R., The impact of soil conservation investments on land prices (1985) American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 67, pp. 943-947Hertzler, G., Ibanez-Meier, C.A., Jolly, R.W., User costs of soil erosion and their effect on agricultural land prices: Costate variables and capitalized Hamiltonians (1985) American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 67, pp. 948-953Hufschmidt, M.M., James, E., Meister, A.D., Bower, B.T., Dixon, J.A., (1983) Environment, Natural Systems and Development: An Economic Valuation Guide, p. 338. , Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University PressKing, D.A., Sinden, J.A., Influence of soil conservation on farm land values (1988) Land Economics, 64, pp. 242-255Kitamura, P.C., Lanzer, E.A., Adams, R.I., Avaliação econômica de sistemas conservacionistas no uso de solos agrícolas: O caso do binômio trigo-soja no Rio Grande do Sul (1982) Revista De Economia E Sociologia Rural, 20, pp. 104-124Kooten, G.C., Weisensel, W.P., Chilanthammit, D., Valuing trade-offs between net returns and stewardship practices: The case of soil conservation in Saskatchewan (1990) American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 72, pp. 104-113Lal, R., Soil erosion and land degradation: The global risks (1990) Advances in Soil Science, 11, pp. 129-172Marques, J.F., Custos da erosão do solo em razão dos seus efeitos internos e externos à área de produção agrícola (1998) Revista De Economia E Sociologia Rural, 36, pp. 61-79Melo Filho, J.F., Silva, J.R.C., Erosão, teor de água no Solo e produtividade do milho em plantio direto e preparo convencional de um Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo no Ceará (1993) Revista Brasileira De Ciência Do Solo, 17, pp. 291-297Mutchler, C.K., Murphree, C.E., McGregor, K.C., (1994) Laboratory and Field Plots for Erosion Research, pp. 1-9. , In: LAL, R. Soil Erosion Research Methods. 2.ed, Delray Beach: St. Lucie Press, Soil and Water Conservation SocietyPiearce, F.J., Dowdy, R.H., Larson, W.E., Graham, W.A.P., Soil productivity in the Corn Belt: An assessment of erosion's long-terms effects (1984) Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 39, pp. 131-136Pierce, F.J., Lal, R., (1994) Monitoring the Impact of Soil Erosion on Crop Productivity, pp. 235-263. , In: LAL, R. (Ed.) Soil Erosion Research Methods. 2.ed. Delray Beach, FL, St. Lucie Press, Soil and Water Conservation ServicePope III, C.A., Bhides, S., Heady, E.O., Economics of conservation tillage in Iowa (1983) Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 38, pp. 370-373Ramalho, M.A.P., Ferreira, D.F., Oliveira, A.C., (2000) Experimentação Em Genética E Melhoramento De Plantas, p. 326. , Lavras: UFLARodrigues, W., Valoração econômica dos impactos ambientais de tecnologias de plantio em região de Cerrados (2005) Revista De Economia E Sociologia Rural, 43, pp. 135-153Sparovek, G., Teramoto, E.R., Toreta, D.M., Rochele, T.C.P., Shayer, E.P.M., Erosão simulada e a produtividade da cultura do milho (1991) Revista Brasileira De Ciência Do Solo, 15, pp. 363-368Swanson, E.R., Maccallum, D.E., Income effects of rainfall erosion control (1969) Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 24, pp. 56-59Thomé Jr., J.B., (1997) Manual Para Interpretação De Análise De Solo, p. 247. , Guaíba: Livraria e Editora AgropecuáriaXu, F., Prato, T., On site erosion damages in Missouri corn production (1995) Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 50, pp. 312-316Wang, X.B., Cai, D.X., Hoogmed, W.B., Oenema, O., Perdok, U.D., Potential effect of Conservation Tillage on Sustainable Land Use: A Review of Global Long-Term Studies (2006) Pedosphere, 16, pp. 587-59