Gastric/lung bioaccessibility and identification of arsenic-bearing phases and sources of fine surface dust in a gold mining district

Bioaccessibility (BAC) of fine surface dust (FSD, particle size ≤10 μm) and surface dust samples (particle size ≤250 μm) collected from a gold mining district was used as a tool to determine the portion of arsenic that would be available via simulated lung and gastrointestinal (G.I) fluids. BAC was considered low for both tests (lung 2.7 ± 1%, n = 5 and G.I 3.4 ± 2%, n = 14 for residential surface dust samples). An analytical procedure was developed to further identify arsenic-bearing phases found in FSD samples and analyze the main components that regulate arsenic solubility. Up to five different arsenic-bearing phases were identified among a total of 35 minerals surveyed by scanning electron microscopy-based automated image analysis (Mineral Liberation Analyzer - MLA). Arsenic-bearing Fe oxy-hydroxides and mixed phases comprised the main arsenic phases encountered in FSD samples, thus likely being responsible for regulating arsenic bioaccessibility. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the mixed phases comprised a mix of oriented nanostructure aggregates formed by hematite and goethite entangled with phyllosilicates. The main As-bearing phases identified in FSD samples are similar to those reported in soil samples in the same region. The predominant arsenic-bearing phase encountered in the ore was arsenopyrite, mostly in large particles (>10 μm in size), and therefore unlikely to be found in residential dust. Arsenic intake from both inhalation and ingestion were minimal when compared to total arsenic intake (considering food and water ingestion), which itself wa

Integral measurements of plural and multiple scattering of electrons with energies between 10 and 100 keV for 6 ≤ Z ≤ 83: I. Thin and intermediate-thickness targets

Angle-integrated plural- and multiple-scattering distributions have been measured for electrons impinging with kinetic energies from 10 to 100 keV on targets with atomic numbers between those of C and Bi and mass thicknesses ranging from to 300 2. The thinnest targets, to 20 2, are not self-supporting and have been deposited on C backings with areal densities around 10 2. The intermediate-thickness ones are made of a single element and have mass thicknesses of to 300 2. The electrons scattered at frontal angles are collected with a Faraday cup covering the polar angles below 12.0°. In addition, to supplement this information, an aluminium ring spanning a polar angle interval of has been installed around the entrance of the Faraday cup and the charge deposited on it has also been recorded. The electrical current in the scattering chamber is measured as well so as to provide an accurate normalisation. Corrections for the fraction of impinging electrons backscattered by both the Faraday cup and the ring are applied to the data. The measurements are compared with the predictions of a Monte Carlo code that simulates each individual elastic collision. For targets made of a single element, the analytical Goudsmit–Saunderson and Lewis theories are tested as well. In all cases, the single-scattering angular differential cross sections, obtained by partial-wave solution of the Dirac equation in a self-consistent central potential, are taken from the ICRU Report 77. Good agreement is found within the uncertainties of the data. An analytical formula for the angular integration of the Goudsmit–Saunderson distribution is presented in an Appendix

Productive performance and milk protein fraction composition of dairy cows supplemented with sodium monensin Desempenho produtivo e composição da fração protéica do leite em vacas sob suplementação com monensina sódica

The objective of this work was to evaluate the levels of sodium monensin on lactating cows and their effects on productive performance and milk protein fraction composition. It was used 12 Holstein cows, distributed in four balanced 3 &#215; 3 Latin squares, and fed three diets: one control without monensin, and two diets with monensin at the levels of 24 or 48 mg/kg DM added to the concentrate. Milk production was daily measured throughout the entire experimental period. The samples used for analysis of milk composition were collected on two alternated days from the two daily milking. Non-protein nitrogen, total nitrogen and non-casein nitrogen contents were directly evaluated in the milk, and casein, whey protein and true protein contents were indirectly determined. The use of monensin in the rations reduced dry matter and nutrient intake, especially when diet with 48 mg/kg of dry matter was given. The ration with 24 mg/kg of DM increased milk production, with or without correction, and also fat and lactose yield, and it improved productive efficiency. The levels of monensin in the ratios did not influence contents of milk crude protein, non-protein nitrogen, non-casein nitrogen, true protein, casein, casein/true protein ratio, whey protein, and of all those fractions expressed as percentage of crude protein. The utilization of monensin in the ratio at the dose of 24 mg/kg of DM influences positively the productive performance of lactating cows, and it does not influence the composition of milk protein fractions.<br>Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de monensina sódica para vacas em lactação e seus efeitos no desempenho produtivo e na composição da fração protéica do leite. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça Holandesa, distribuídas em quatro quadrados latinos 3 &#215; 3 balanceados e alimentadas com três rações: uma controle sem monensina, e duas com monensima nos níveis de 24 mg/kg de matéria seca ou 48 mg/kg MS adicionada ao concentrado. A produção de leite foi mensurada diariamente durante todo o período experimental. As amostras utilizadas para análise da composição do leite foram coletadas em dois dias alternados e provenientes das duas ordenhas diárias. Foram analisados no leite os teores de nitrogênio não-protéico, nitrogênio total e nitrogênio não-caseinoso e indiretamente os teores de caseína, proteína do soro e proteína verdadeira. A utilização de monensina nas rações ocasionou redução do consumo de MS e de nutrientes, especialmente quando fornecida a ração com 48 mg/kg de MS. A ração com 24 mg/kg de MS promoveu aumento da produção de leite, sem e com correção, e da produção de gordura e lactose e aumento da eficiência produtiva. Os níveis de monensina nas rações não influenciaram os teores de proteína bruta, nitrogênio não-protéico, nitrogênio não-caseinoso, proteína verdadeira, caseína, relação caseína/proteína verdadeira, proteína do soro do leite e de todas essas frações expressas em porcentagem da proteína bruta. A utilização de monensina na ração na dose de 24 mg/kg de MS influencia positivamente o desempenho produtivo de vacas em lactação e não afeta a composição das frações protéicas do leite