Različitosti u muznim, mliječnim i zdravstvenim svojstvima kod krava u proizvodnji mlijeka ovisno o rednom broju laktacije

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in milkability, milk and health traits in Holstein and Simmental dairy cattle due to parity. Following traits were analysed: milkability (duration of milking, MT; milk yield per milking, MYM; maximal, MMF and average milk flow, AMF), milk traits (daily milk yield, DMY; daily fat content, DFC; daily protein content, DPC; daily lactose content, DLC; urea, UREA) and health traits (logarithmic somatic cell count, SCClog and teatend hyperkeratosis, TEH). Significant (p<0.05; p<0.01; p<0.0001) differences between parity in MYM, DMY, MMF, DPC and DLC was determined. Also, significant (p<0.0001) difference in the teat-end hyperkeratosis score were found between cows in 1st and 2nd as well as between cows in 1st and ≥3rd parity. The cows in 1st and 2nd parity had similar SCClog, while significant (p<0.05) difference was found between SCClog in cows in 1st and cows in ≥3rd parity. The obtained results indicate that the parity significantly affect the milkability, milk and health traits. Since the hyperkeratosis level is highly correlated to the mastitis incidence risk, the regular teat-end scoring should be used in order to ensure quality machine milking and to minimize mastitis incidence risk.Cilj rada bio je utvrditi različitosti u muznim, mliječnim i zdravstvenim svojstvima krava simentalske i holstein pasmine ovisno o rednom broju laktacije. Analizirana su sljedeća svojstva: muzna (trajanje mužnje, MT; količina mlijeka po mužnji, MYM; maksimalni, MMF i prosječni protok mlijeka, AMF), svojstva mlijeka (dnevna količina mlijeka, DMY; dnevna količina masti, DFC; dnevna količina proteina, DPC; dnevna količina laktoze, DLC; urea, UREA) i zdravstvena svojstva (logaritmirani broj somatskih stanica, SCClog; hiperkeratoza vrhova sisa, TEH). Utvrđen je visoko signifikantan (p<0,05; p<0,01; p<0,0001) razlika u: MYM, DMY, MMF, DPC i DLC između svih laktacija. Također je utvrđena visoko značajna (p<0,0001) razlika u hiperkeratozi vrhova sisa između krava u 1. i 2., te između krava u 1. i ≥3. laktaciji. Krave u prvoj i drugoj laktaciji imale su približno isti broj SCClog, međutim značajnost (p<0,05) je utvrđena između SCClog kod krava u prvoj i krava u trećoj i ostalim laktacijama. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na to da redni broj laktacije značajno utječe na muzna, svojstva mlijeka i zdravstvena svojstva. Budući da je razina hiperkeratoze jako povezana s rizikom od nastanka mastitisa, potrebno je redovito ocjenjivati vrhove sisa kako bi se osigurala kvalitetna mužnja a ujedno i smanjio rizik od nastanka mastitisa

Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Gubitak tjelesne težine je primarna terapija za većinu bolesnika s NAFLD-om. Započinje intervencijama s ciljem promjene načina života, primarno izmjene režima prehrane i vježbanja. Bolesnicima koji imaju prekomjernu tjelesnu težinu ili pretilost preporučuje se gubitak 5 – 7 %, a bolesnicima s NASH-om 7 – 10 % tjelesne težine brzinom od 0,5 do 1 kg tjedno. U bolesnika koji tijekom šest mjeseci ne ispune ciljeve moguće je razmotriti opciju liječenja barijatrijskom kirurgijom. Terapija lijekovima opcija je liječenja u dijela bolesnika koji ne dostižu ciljeve potrebnoga gubitka tjelesne težine, a koji imaju biopsijom dokazani NASH sa stadijem fibroze ≥ 2 ili rizičnim čimbenicima povezanima s razvojem i/ili progresijom fibroze. Odabir terapije ovisan je o tome ima li bolesnik šećernu bolest. Prema aktualnim smjernicama, bolesnicima bez šećerne bolesti savjetuje se ponuditi liječenje vitaminom E. Iako je u prvoj liniji terapije šećerne bolesti tipa 2 metformin, zbog blagotvornog učinka ostalih ne-beta citotropnih lijekova (pioglitazon, liraglutid) na histološke promjene jetre u bolesnika s NAFLD-om potrebno ih je uzeti u obzir pri odabiru drugoga lijeka za bolesnike s NASH-om (koji ne mogu uzimati metformin ili trebaju dodatnu terapiju za snižavanje glukoze). Zbog mogućih nuspojava sve terapijske opcije potrebno je preispitati pojedinačno za svakog bolesnika imajući u vidu omjer dobrobiti i štetnih posljedica. Bolesnici s NAFLD-om izloženi su povećanom riziku za kardiovaskularne bolesti i često imaju višestruke faktore rizika povezane s komponentama metaboličkoga sindroma. Stoga liječenje bolesnika s NAFLD-om i šećernom bolesti i/ili hipertenzijom uključuje optimizaciju kontrole glukoze u krvi i arterijskoga tlaka. Bolesnici s hiperlipidemijom kandidati su za terapiju hipolipemicima.Weight loss is the primary therapy for most patients with NAFLD. It begins with lifestyle interventions, primarily diet modification and exercise. Overweight or obese patients are advised to lose 5-7% and patients with NASH 7-10% of body weight at a rate of 0.5 to 1.0 kg per week. Bariatric surgery can be considered for patients who do not meet weight loss goals after six months. Drug therapy is also an option in those patients who have biopsy-proven NASH with fibrosis stage ≥2 or risk factors related to the development and/or progression of fibrosis, and who fail to reach their weight loss goals. Choice of therapy also depends on whether the patient has diabetes mellitus. Current guidelines recommend that patients without diabetes mellitus take vitamin E therapy. Although metformin is considered first-line agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the beneficial impact of other insulin-sensitizing agents (pioglitazone, liraglutide) on liver histology in patients with NAFLD should be taken into consideration when choosing a secondline agent for patients with NASH (who cannot take metformin or need additional glucose-lowering therapy). Given the possible side effects, all treatment options should be considered individually for each patient based on risk-benefit evaluation. Patients with NAFLD are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and often have multiple risk factors related to components of the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the management of patients with NAFLD and diabetes and/or hypertension includes optimization of blood glucose and arterial hypertension control. Patients with hyperlipidaemia are candidates for lipid-lowering therapy

Early Detection of the Hoof Diseases in Holstein Cows Using Thermovision Camera

Aiming early detection of the tissue changes (sole ulcer - SU, interdigital hyperplasia - IH, dermatitis - D) of the hooves in dairy cows. The measurement of the surface temperature of hooves were conducted by a thermovision camera. The study was conducted in Holstein cows which they did not have any visually noticeable changes in the movement (lameness). Measurement of temperature of coronary band (CB) of the front and rear legs was made. For statistical analysis (ANOVA) program Statistica (2012) was used. After the examination of all the isolated cows suspected of having some tissue changes, it was determined that 63% of cows that had some kind of tissue change on a minimum one hoof, while the 37% of cows were without any changes that is estimates of elevated temperature of the tissue with the thermovision camera gave a negative result. It was determined the 14% of the hooves with SU, 24% IH and the 62% with D tissue changes. Statistically highly significant (p<0.05; p<0.0001) difference in maximum, minimum and mean measured temperature of CB on the hooves of cows were determined between the non-lesion and lesion hoofs. Statistically significant (p<0.01) difference in temperature of CB was determined between front and rear legs. Based on the results of this research, the feasibility and usefulness of application of the thermovision camera in early detection of tissue changes on hooves of lactating cows is recognized. Early detection of hoof disease before development of lameness can contribute to production costs reduction and increase of animal welfare

MACHINE-INDUCED CHANGES ON COW\u27S UDDER TISSUE

Uvođenjem strojne mužnje, ubrzao se i pojednostavio rad sa životinjama, te se povećala kvaliteta mlijeka. Budući da je sisni otvor prva crta obrane od nastanka bolesti, svaka ozljeda ili promjena tkiva povećava rizik od prodora većeg broja mikroorganizama i nastanka bolesti vimena. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi promjene na tkivu sisa vimena krava nakon strojne mužnje. Istraživanje je rađeno na kravama Holstein pasmine. Ultrazvučna mjerenja morfoloških svojstava prednjih i stražnjih lijevih sisa vimena krava napravljena su neposredno prije i odmah nakon mužnje. Strojna mužnja značajno (P<0,0001; P<0,05) je utjecala na sva morfološka svojstva sisa nakon mužnje u odnosu na te iste vrijednosti prije mužnje, izuzev širine vrha sise. Duljina sisnog kanala prednje sise produljila se za 1,6 mm (11%), a stražnje za 1,5 mm (12%). Debljina stjenke prednje sise povećala za 1,1 mm (17%), dok je isto svojstvo kod stražnje sise imalo promjenu u iznosu od 1,7 mm (28%). Širina cisterne prednje sise smanjila se za 32%, a širina vrha sise se zadebljala za 0,6%. Kod stražnje sise utvrđene su promjene u širini cisterne za -5,37 mm (39%), dok se vrh sise stanjio za 0,04 mm (0,2%). Mehanički pritisak sisnih guma tijekom mužnje, značajno utječu na tkivne promjene vimena, te je iznimno bitno imati dobar menadžment mužnje i stalno pratiti novonastale promjene. Pravovremeno uočavanje nekih većih i oku vidljivih promjena, mogu spriječiti teže upale i veće troškove proizvodnje.Introduction of machine milking, accelerated and simplified the work with the animals, and increased the quality of milk. Since the teat orefice is the first line of defense against infectious, any injuries or changes in tissue increases the risk of penetration of a large number of microorganisms and the occurence of diseases of the udder are larger. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the teat tissue from the udder of cows after milking. The study was conducted on cows Holstein breed. The ultrasonic measurements of morphological properties of the front and rear left teat udder were made immediately before and after milking. Machine milking significantly (P <0.0001; P <0.05) affected all morphological properties of the teats after milking in relation to the same value before milking, except for width of the teat-end. The teat-canal length of the front teat extended to1.6 mm (11%), and rear to 1.5 mm (12%). Teat wall thickness of the front teats increased by 1.1 mm (17%), while the same treats at the rear teats had change in the amount of 1.7 mm (28%). Teat-cistern width of the front teat decreased by 32%, and the width of the teat-end thickened by 0.6%. In the rear teats were found changes in the teat-cistern width to -5.4 mm (39%), while the teat-end thickened to 0,04 mm (0.2%). Mechanical pressure of liner during milking, significantly affecting the udder tissue changes, and it is extremely important to have good milking management and constantly monitoring of new changes. A timely detection of some larger visible changes, can prevent harder inflammation and higher production costs

Estimation of genetic parameters and breeding values for daily milk production of dairy simmentals in terms of heat stress

Variance components for daily milk production as well as breeding value of dairy Simmentals for daily milk production in terms of heat stress defined as different values of THI threshold values (72, 74, and 76) were estimated using 1,636,192 test-day records provided by the Croatian Agricultural Agency. Temperature-humidity index (THI) calculated from ambient temperature and relative humidity recorded in the barns on the milk recording day was used as the measure of heat stress. Bivariate estimation model accounted variances due to lactation stage, calving season, age at calving, breeding region, parity, permanent environment, interaction between hear and year, and individual animal Obtained high genetic correlations between the daily milk production in normal and condition characterized by heat stress, as well as very high correlations between the EBVs in normal and heat stress conditions indicate animals' high level of acclimatization to the environment on dairy cattle farms. Since microclimate measurements were carried out only once at a milk recording day, these results should be taken with caution. Generally, further research with multiple daily measurements of the microclimate parameters in the facilities is necessary to provide a fully unambiguous conclusion

The influence of ordinal number and stage of lactation on milkability traits in Holstein cows

Muzna svojstva goveda imaju sve veću važnost u suvremenoj govedarskoj proizvodnji mlijeka, iako su sekundarno selekcijsko obilježje. Strojna mužnja krava ukazala je da ne postoji potpuna usklađenost između muznog uređaja i životinje, što dovodi do produžene mužnje ili narušavanja zdravlja vimena. Zato je cilj rada bio istražiti utjecaj stadija i redoslijeda laktacije na sljedeće muzne parametre: ukupna količina mlijeka po mužnji (KMM), maksimalni protok mlijeka (MPM), prosječni protok mlijeka glavne faze mužnje (PPM), vrijeme trajanja startnog protoka (tS500), trajanje uzlazne faze mužnje (tUFM), trajanje plato faze mužnje (tPFM), trajanje silazne faze mužnje (tSFM) i trajanje glavne faze mužnje (tGFM), te iste preporučiti za selekcijski rad. Istraživanje je uključilo 322 krave holstein pasmine od prve do treće laktacije, raspoređene u tri stadija (prvi od 50. do 90. dana, drugi od 91. do 135. dana i treći od 136. do 180. dana laktacije). Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su kako je redoslijed laktacije značajno (P<0,01) utjecao na KMM i MPM, te na PPM i tGFM (P<0,05). U drugoj laktaciji značajan utjecaj (P<0,05) stadija uočen je za MPM, tS500 i tUFM. Značajan utjecaj stadija laktacije na KMM zabilježen je u prvoj i drugoj laktaciji (P<0,05) odnosno u trećoj laktaciji (P<0,01). Utvrđen je značajan pozitivan utjecaj KMM (P<0,05) na MPM, tPFM, tSFM i tGFM (r = od 0,22 do 0,52). Utvrđena je negativna korelacija MPM (P<0,05) s pojedinim dijelovima vremenskog trajanja faza mužnji (r = od -0,14 do -0,47). Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na činjenicu da postoji mogućnosti za selekcijski rad na poboljšanju muznosti krava, što se može pozitivno odraziti na ekonomičnost utroška vremena prilikom mužnje, te indirektno popraviti zdravlje vimena.Milkability traits have an increasing importance in modern cattle production, although they are the secondary selective trait. The machine milking of cows has indicated that there is no complete alignment between the machine and the animals, what lead to increasing duration of milking and disturbances in health of udder. Because of that, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the ordinal number of lactation and stage of lactation on milkability traits (amount of milk per milking (KMM), maximum milk flow rate (MPM), average milk flow rate (PPM), duration of the start of milk flow (tS500), duration of the ascending phase of milking (tUFM), duration of the plateau phase of milking (tPFM), duration of the descending phase of milking (tSFM), duration of the main phase of milking (tGFM)), and recommend the same for the selection work. The study was done on 322 Holstein cows in the period from the first to third lactation, arranged in three stages of lactation (the first of the 50-90 day, the second stage of the 91-135 day and a third of 136-180 day of lactation). The results showed that the ordinal number of lactation had a highly statistically significant influence (P<0.01) on KMM and MPM, and on the PPM and tGFM (P<0.05). Statistically significant influence of the stage of lactation on the KMM was recorded in the first and second lactation (P<0.05) respectively in the third lactation (P<0.01). Was recorded a significant positive influence of KMM (P<0.05) on the MPM, tPFM, tSFM and tGFM (r = from 0.22 to 0.52). The negative correlation of the MPM (P<0.05) was recorded with some parts of the milking phase duration (r = -0.14 to -0.47). The results indicate that there are opportunities for selection work to improve milkability traits, which can have a positive impact on the economy of expenditure of time during milking, and indirectly improve the health of the udder

The effects of parity and stage of lactation on hoof temperature of dairy cows using a thermovision camera

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of the parity and stage of lactation on tissue changes of the dairy cows’ hooves (Holstein; n = 130) and their early detection using the thermovision camera. The parity did not have a significant impact on temperature of the coronary band (CB) for the cows with lesions, although the stage of lactation did (P<0.0001) between first and second parity. For the cows without lesions the parity and stage of lactation had a significant (P<0.01; P<0.0001) influence on the temperature of the CB. The obtained results indicate that stage of lactation has a stronger influence on temperature of coronary band than parity. This knowledge is crucial when using thermovision cameras for detection of the cows which are at risk of lameness

APPLICATION OF THERMOVISION CAMERA IN THE EARLY DETECTION OF HOOF DISEASES IN DAIRY COWS

Problematika koja prati govedarsku proizvodnju iznimno je kompleksna, te iziskuje velika ekonomska ulaganja i menadžerskog umijeća. Svaka mogućnost smanjenja troškova i povećanja proizvodnosti je dobro došla, te se počinju primjenjivati određene alternativne metode. Infracrvena termografija odnosno uporaba termovizijskih kamera je moderna, neinvazivna i sigurna metoda vizualizacije površinske temperature tijela. Njihova primjena u humanoj i veterinarskoj medicini pokazala se kao dobar alat u rješavanju određene problematike. Stoga se povećalo zanimanje za njezinu primjenu u intenzivnoj stočarskoj proizvodnji. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi pouzdanost primjene termovizijske kamere u prevenciji pojavnosti te ranoj detekciji oboljenja papaka kod krava u laktaciji. Ukupno je pregledano 90 krava, od kojih je na osnovi analize termovizijskih snimki i iskustva promatrača izdvojeno 27 životinja pod sumnjom da imaju neku upalnu promjenu na jednoj ili više nogu odnosno papaka. Preglede izdvojenih krava napravili su nadležni i obučeni djelatnici za korekciju i pregled papaka. Od ukupnog broja izdvojenih krava njih 70% je imalo neku vrstu upalnog procesa na minimalno jednom papku. Na osnovi dobivenih rezultata istraživanja, utvrđena je opravdanost uporabe termovizijske kamere u ranom otkrivanju upalnih promjena na papcima krava u laktaciji, te se mogu poduzeti određene mjere za sprječavanje napredovanja bolesti i pojave šepavosti, te doprinijeti smanjenju ekonomskih gubitaka (pad u proizvodnji mlijeka, troškovi liječenja itd.) u govedarskoj proizvodnji.The problems correlated with cattle breeding are extremely complex, therefore high economic investments as well as management skills are necessary. Any possibility of cost reduction and production increase is welcome, therefore certain alternative methods are applied. Infrared thermography that is the use of thermovision camera is a modern, non-invasive and safe method of visualizing surface temperature of the body. The use of suchcameras in human and veterinary medicine has shown to be a good tool in solving certain problems. Therefore, the interest in the application of these cameras in intensive livestock production has significantly increased. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of thermovision camera in the prevention and early detection of the hoof diseases in cattle production, in dairy cows. Atotal, of 90 cows were examined of which and based on the analysis of thermal imaging photos and experiences of observers 27 animals were isolated suspected to have an inflammatory change on one or more legs or hooves. Examinations of selected cows were made by competent and trained workers for correction and review of the hooves. It was found that 70% of cows had some kind of inflammatory process at least on one hoof. Based on the results of research the justification of the use of thermovision cameras was established in the early detection of inflammatory changes in the hooves of dairy cows, as certain measures can be taken to prevent progression of the disease and the occurrence of lameness and thus contribute to reducing the economic losses (decrease in milk production, treatment costs etc.) in cattle production

The differences in teat-end hyperkeratosis in Holstein and Jersey dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of breed (Holstein; HB/Jersey; JB) on the teat-end hyperkeratosis score (TEH) of cows housed in the same farm conditions and under the same milking management. Jersey cows had better score for the front teats, but worse for the rear teats comparing to Holstein cows. The TEH of the front teats in JB cows in third lactation were significantly (P<0.05) lower comparing to the same lactation group of HB cows. Regarding the rear teats of the observed cows, significantly (P<0.05) higher hyperkeratosis score was found in Jersey cows in first lactation comparing to Holstein cows in same lactation. The somatic cell count was found to be higher in JB comparing to the HB cows, but not significantly. The obtained results indicate that breed influence the level of the teat tissue condition