La cryptococcose neuro-méningée au Mali

Cryptococcal meningitis is the most common fatal central nervous system infection in AIDS patients in Sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this prospective study conducted from March 2003 to February 2004 in the internal medicine and infectious diseases departments of the Point G University Hospital Center was to investigate the clinical, prognostic and epidemiological profile of Cryptococcus neoformans infection in patients hospitalized for brain and meningeale infection (BMI). Diagnosis of neuromeningeal cryptococcosis (NMC) was based on positive identification of Cryptococcus by direct exam of the cebrospinal fluid (CSF) after India ink staining and/or culture on Sabouraud medium without actidione. During the study period, a total of 569 patients were hospitalized including 235 (41.3%) with HIV infection. Overall C. neoformans was identified in 14 patients. Median patient age was 39 ± 8 years. There was a male preponderance with a sex ratio of 1.8 (9 men/5 women). Patients with BMI were HIV positive in 85.7% of cases (n=12) and HIV-negative in 14.3% (n=2). The overall and HIV-specific prevalence of BMI was 2.5% and 5.1% respectively. The CD4 lymphocyte count was between 1 and 49 cells/mm3 in 64.3% of cases. The main clinical symptoms were cephalea in 85.7% of cases, altered consciousness in 50% and nausea/vomiting in 35.7%. Neurological manifestations (hemiparesis and cranial nerve deficit) were noted in 14.3%. HIV infection is the main purveyor of NMC in Mali. The actual incidence of cryptococcosis is unclear due to the poor sensitivity of diagnostic techniques. This study highlights diagnostic difficulties related to clinical polymorphism and poor technical facilities. Agglutination testing of blood and CSF is recommended, but mortality remains

Chronic gastritis at the era of Helicobacter pylori in Mali

Le but de notre étude était d’étudier les aspects anatomo-cliniques des gastrites chroniques. Notre étude transversale s’est déroulée dans les centres d’endoscopie de l’hôpital du Point «G» et de la Clinique du Farako. Tous les malades ont subi un examen clinique soigneux. Les biopsies antrales et fundiques fixées dans une solution de formol à 10 % ont été examinées dans le service d’anatomo-pathologie du CHU de Cocody en République de Côte d’Ivoire. Sur 189 patients retenus dans l’étude, le sex-ratio a été de 0,75 en faveur des femmes, l’âge moyen de nos patients était de 38,14 ± 12,4 ans et les mères au foyer étaient les plus représentées (38,10 %). Sur le plan clinique, l’épigastralgie et le borborygme étaient les symptômes prédominants (respectivement 97,88% et 82,53 %).Al’endoscopie, un aspect congestif de lamuqueuse a été le plus fréquemment rapporté (64,5 %). En ce qui concerne l’histologie, la gastrite chronique a été la lésion histologique la plus fréquemment rencontrée (93,1 %). L’infection par Helicobacter pylori (Hp) a été retrouvée chez 89,4%de nos patients. La gastrite est une lésion fréquente, très souvent associée à l’infection par Hp. Sa relation avec le cancer gastrique nécessite une étroite surveillance

Blasius and Sakiadis problems in nanofluids

The classical problems of forced convection boundary layer flow and heat transfer past a semi-infinite static flat plate (Blasius problem) and past a moving semi-infinite flat plate (Sakiadis problem) using nanofluids are theoretically studied. The similarity equations are solved numerically for three types of metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticles such as copper (Cu), alumina (Al2O3), and titania (TiO2) in the base fluid of water with the Prandtl number Pr = 6.2 to investigate the effect of the solid volume fraction parameter φ of the nanofluids. Also, the case of conventional or regular fluid (φ = 0) with Pr = 0.7 is considered for comparison with known results from the open literature. The comparison shows excellent agreement. The skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and the velocity and temperature profiles are presented and discussed in detail. It is found that the solid volume fraction affects the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics

Avaliação da Composição de Vários Alimentos e Determinação da Cinética Ruminal da Proteína, Utilizando o Método de Produção de Gás e Amônia in Vitro Chemical Composition Evaluation and Ruminal Protein Kinetics of Some Feedstuffs Using a Gas and Ammonia Production in vitro Method

Realizaram-se determinações químicas e estudos sobre a cinética ruminal dos compostos nitrogenados de 24 alimentos concentrados e 10 volumosos, utilizando as medições das concentrações de nitrogênio solúvel em ácido tricloroacético e a produção de gás. Foram utilizados 200 mL de líquido ruminal e 800 mL do meio fermentador para a incubação de 100 tubos. Para 400 mL do meio fermentador foi pesado 1,0 g de trypticase e adicionado 0,1 mL de uma solução de microminerais. Para 200 mL da solução tampão pesaram-se 0,8 g de bicarbonato de amônia e 7 g de bicarbonato de sódio e, para preparar 200 mL da solução de macrominerais, foram pesados 1,15 g de fosfato de sódio dibásico, 1,25 g de fosfato de potássio dibásico e 0,1 g de sulfato de magnésio. Foram preparados 100 mL de solução redutora, pesando 0,64 g de cisteína-HCL, 0,64 g de sulfeto de sódio, adicionando-se 4 mL de hidróxido de sódio 1N e água destilada. A degradação dos compostos nitrogenados dos alimentos foi determinada nos tempos 6 e 12 horas, incubando-se 1,875 mg de N com 0, 33, 67 e 100 mg de amido, 6 mL do meio fermentador, 4 mL da mistura líquido ruminal-meio fermentador e 0,1 mL da solução redutora utilizando-se CO2. As estimativas das taxas de degradação, nos tempos 6 e 12 horas, mostraram que farelo de glúten de milho, caseína, grão moído de amendoim, raspa de mandioca, silagem de sorgo com e sem inóculo, silagem de milho e capim-gordura apresentaram proteínas de rápida degradação. A mais lenta degradação foi observada para os alimentos: levedura de cana-de-açúcar, farinha de penas, farinha de peixe, cama de frango de cepilha de madeira e capim-braquiária. As estimativas foram maiores que as observadas previamente com o método de inibidores, para os alimentos volumosos. Recomenda-se utilizar o tempo de 12 horas para a avaliação dos concentrados e 6 horas para os volumosos.<br>Chemical determinations and kinetics studies of nitrogen compounds of 24 concentrate feedstuffs and 10 grasses were made using the concentrations of soluble nitrogen in TCA and gas production. It was used 200 mL of ruminal fluid and 800 mL of medium for 100 vessels. It was used 1.0 g of trypticase and 0.1 mL of microminerals solution to prepare 400 mL of medium. It was used 0.8 g of ammonium bicarbonate and 7 g of sodium bicarbonate to prepare 200 mL of buffer solution and, to prepare 200 mL of macromineral solution, 1.15 g of Na2HPO4 anhydrous, 1.25 g of KH2PO4 anhydrous and 0.1 g of MgSO4.7H2O were weighed. Reducing solution was prepared with 0.64 g of cysteine-HCL, 0.64 g of sodium sulfide and 4 mL of 1N NaOH. The disappearance of nitrogen compounds of feedstuffs was determined at 6 and 12 hours, where 1.875 mg of N was incubated with 0, 33, 67, 100 mg oh starch, 6 mL of medium, 4 mL of ruminal fluid-medium mixture and 0.1 mL of reducing solution using CO2. Data of degradation rates indicated that corn gluten feed, casein, dry grounded peanut grain, cassava rasp, sorghum silage with or without inoculum, corn silage and honeygrass showed the highest rates of protein degradation and the slowest degradation rates were obtained by sugar cane yeast, feather meal, fish meal, broiler litter using wood rind as adsorvent and signalgrass. Estimates of degradation rates of forage feedstuffs were higher than degradation rates estimated previously by an inhibitor method. It is recommended to use 12 hours for incubation of concentrate feedstuffs and 6 hours for grasses

Alimentação de bezerros ruminantes com dieta líquida, via goteira esofageana: parâmetros ruminais Ruminant calves feeding with liquid diet, through esophageal groove: ruminal parameters

Efeitos de fornecer proteína texturizada de soja (PTS) na forma líquida, via goteira esofágica, ou na forma sólida, via concentrados, foram estudados em um delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4, empregando quatro novilhos Holandeses providos de cânulas ruminais, pesando cerca de 100 kg cada, no início do experimento. Os tratamentos consistiram de níveis crescentes de PTS na forma líquida (0, 33, 66 e 100%), oferecidos em mamadeiras, e níveis decrescentes de misturas concentradas, mantendo-se a mesma quantidade de nitrogênio em todas as dietas. Os subperíodos experimentais foram de 21 dias, sendo os primeiros 16 de adaptação às rações (feno de Cynodon dactilon, mistura concentrada e alimento líquido). Ensaio de digestibilidade in situ foi executado do dia 17 ao 20, sendo os tempos de incubação de 0, 1,5, 3, 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas, para o farelo de soja e PTS, e 0, 6, 12, 24, 48h, 72 e 96 horas para o feno. Foram tomadas amostras de conteúdo ruminal para análise de volume e taxa de passagem de líquidos, e pH, no dia 21 às 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 e 24 horas. No dia 20, conteúdos ruminais foram coletados para análise de ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV) e N amoniacal às 0, 2, 4, 5 e 6h após a primeira alimentação do dia. Foi observado aumento na taxa de passagem e turnover líquido com a diminuição do suplemento protéico na forma líquida. Não ocorreram efeitos da forma de alimentação nas concentrações dos totais de AGV ou nas suas porcentagens molares individuais, do mesmo modo que o pH não foi afetado. Não houve efeitos da forma de alimentação sobre a degradabilidade in situ da proteína e da matéria seca do farelo de soja e PTS, tampouco efeitos sobre a degradabilidade da matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro do feno.<br>Effects of feeding textured soy protein (TSP), in liquid form throught esophageal groove, or solid form throught concentrate meal, were studied in a 4 x 4 Latin-square change-over design, using four Holstein steers fitted with ruminal cannulas, averaging 100 kg live weight at the beginning of trial. Treatments consisted of increasing TSP levels in liquid form (0, 33, 66 and 100%) offered through nipple-pail, and decreasing levels in concentrate meal to keep the same amout of nitrogen in all diets. Twenty-one days sub periods were used, the first sexteen for diet adaptation (Cynodon dactilon hay, concentrate mixture and liquid feed). In situ degradability assay was runned from day 17 to 20, and incubation times were 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48hours for soybean meal and TSP, and 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours for coastcross hay. Ruminal contents colections to analize liquid volume, passage rate, and pH were made at twentieth first day at 0h, 1h, 3h, 6h, 12h, and 24h. On twentieth day ruminal contents were colected to analyze volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen at 0, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h and 6h after first feed. An increase in passage rate and ruminal turnover was observed as the liquid suplement protein amount decreased. There were no effects of feeding form in the total VFA concentrations or its individual molar percentages; also ruminal pH was not affected. There were no effects of feeding form upon in situ degradability of soybean meal and TSP dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP), as well as there were no effects in the degradability of Coast-Cross hay DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)