8 research outputs found
PREVALENCE OF BRUCELLOSIS IN LIVESTOCK AND INCIDENCES IN HUMANS IN EAST AFRICA
Brucellosis is an emerging zoonotic disease that poses a threat to both
livestock and public health in east Africa. There are several reports
of occurrence of the disease in livestock populations especially in
Tanzania and Kenya, suggesting chances of increased spread to humans,
and the disease being misdiagnosed for malaria. The objective of this
study was to determine brucellosis prevalence in livestock and
incidence in humans among pastoralists and agro-pastoralists
communities in some areas of Kenya and Tanzania. A total of 2349
ruminants were screened using different serological techniques, in the
selected areas. Serum samples from the Southern Highlands Zone (SHZ),
Northern zone (NZ) and Eastern Zone (EZ) were screened using Rose
Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) antigen, and later positive samples were
confirmed using competitive enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay
(c-ELISA). Results showed prevalence of 11.4% in the SHZ (n=799), 2.4%
in the EZ (n=169) and 1% in the NZ (n= 408). Milk ring test was used to
test milk samples from Migori, West Pokot and Mwingi, and the
prevalences recorded in cattle were 17.9% (n=56) in 2012 and 11.7
(n=77) in 2014. Within the same period, West Pokot recorded prevalence
of up to 21.9% (n=96) in cattle and 16.7% (n=6) in goats. Generally,
Migori had lower prevalence in Kenya, but being the third lower in
Tanzania and Kenya with the prevalence being 4.3% (n=70) in goats and
2.2% (n=45) in goats. Serum from cattle and goats were tested using
compliment fixation test (CFT); showing 0.9% (n=212) prevalence in
Migori. In West Pokot, the prevalence was 4.0% (n=101) in cattle, 20%
(n=100) in goats and 13.8% (=29) in sheep; whereas in Mwingi prevalence
was 4.75% (n=43) and 9.5% (n=21) in cattle and goats respectively. A
total of 1,140 human cases were followed up in selected study areas
where livestock samples were collected, and an overall incidence of
22.7% (n=1140) was confirmed. Selected areas in Tanzania had an
incidence of 28.2% (n=578) and in Kenya 17.1% (n=562). Brucellosis is
endemic in many areas of Tanzania and Kenya and pose a high risk to
human health.La brucellose est une zoonose qui constitue une menace pour la sante
animale et humaine dans l\u2018 Afrique de l\u2018Est. Il existe
beaucoup de rapports signalant la pr\ue9sence de cette maladie dans
les populations d\u2019animaux, specialement en \ue9levage dans la
Tanzanie et au Kenya. Ces rapports font aussi \ue9tat de ce
qu\u2019il y ait des chances de contamination humaine, et la maladie
est en train d\u2019\ueatre mal diagnostiqu\ue9e parce
qu\u2019elle est confondue au paludisme. L\u2019objectif de cette
\ue9tude \ue9tait de d\ue9terminer la pr\ue9valence de
brucellose en \ue9levage et son incidence dans les humains, dans les
communaut\ue9s de pastoralistes et agro-pastoralistes en Tanzanie et
au Kenya. Un ensemble de 1,702 ruminant ont \ue9t\ue9
d\ue9pist\ue9s dans les zones d\u2019\ue9tude en se servant de
techniques s\ue9rologiques diff\ue9rentes. Des \ue9chantillons de
s\ue9rum venant de la zone Sud (SHZ), de la zone Nord (NZ) et de la
zone Est (EZ) ont \ue9t\ue9 analyses par des tests de
d\ue9tection d\u2019antig\ue8ne au Rose Bengale sur plaque (RBPT),
et plus tard, les \ue9chantillons positifs ont \ue9t\ue9
confirmes par des \ue9preuves immuno-enzymatiques (c-ELISA). Les
resultats montrait une pr\ue9valence de 11,4% dans la SHZ
(n=799)\ua0; 2\ua0,4% dans l\u2019EZ (n=169) et 1% dans la NZ (n=
408). Des \ue9preuves de l\u2019anneau sur le lait ont permis de
tester les \ue9chantillons de lait de Migori, West Pokot et Mwingi,
et de pr\ue9valence enregistr\ue9e chez le bovin \ue9taient de
17,9% (n=56) en 2012 et 11,7 (n=77) en 2014. Dans la m\ueame
p\ue9riode, West Pokot a enregistr\ue9 un taux de pr\ue9valence
de 21.9% (n=96) chez le bovin et 16,7% (n=6) chez les caprins. De
fa\ue7on g\ue9n\ue9rale, Migori exhibait de faibles taux de
pr\ue9valence au Kenya, mais s\u2019est classe troisi\ue8me faible
taux en Tanzanie et au Kenya avec une pr\ue9valence de 4,3% (n=70)
chez les caprins 2,2% (n=45) chez les caprins. Du s\ue9rum
pr\ue9lev\ue9 chez les bovins et caprins ont \ue9t\ue9 testes
gr\ue2ce au test de fixation de compl\ue9ments (CFT)\ua0;
montrait 0.9% (n=212) de pr\ue9valence en Migori. A West Pokot, la
pr\ue9valence \ue9tait de 4,0% (n=101) chez les bovins, 20% (n=100)
chez les caprins et 13,8% (=29) chez les ovins; tandis qu\u2019en
Mwingi la pr\ue9valence \ue9tait de 4,75% (n=43) et 9,5% (n=21)
respectivement chez les bovins et caprins. Un ensemble de 1,140 cas
humains ont \ue9t\ue9 suivis dans la zone d\u2019\ue9tude ou les
animaux ont \ue9t\ue9 \ue9chantillonn\ue9s. Une incidence
globale de 22,7% (n=1140) a \ue9t\ue9 confirm\ue9e. Les zones
s\ue9lectionn\ue9es en Tanzanie avaient une incidence de 28,2%
(n=578) et 17,1% (n=562) au Kenya. Cet \ue9tude a montr\ue9 que la
brucellose continue d\u2019\ueatre end\ue9mique dans plusieurs
zones de la Tanzanie et du Kenya, et ceci constitue un grand
risqu\ue9 pour la sant\ue9 humaine
Bovine tuberculosis in east Africa
The zoonotic Mycobacterium bovis is a pathogen of significance in the
dairy industry in many parts of the world. Although the pathogen
primarily affects cattle, it has a wide host range including humans. A
cross-sectional study was carried out in three agro-ecological zones of
Tanzania, namely the southern highlands zone (SHZ), eastern zone (EZ)
and northern zone (NZ), to examine the status of the disease in cattle,
in order to inform control measures. A total of 391, 169 and 401 cattle
were tested for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in the SHZ, EZ and NZ
respectively using the Single Intradermal Comparative Cervical
Tuberculin Test (SICTT). Results showed that the prevalence of bTB was
higher (P<0.05) in EZ 2.37% (n = 169) compared to SHZ 1.3% (n=391)
and NZ, where no positive result was recorded (n = 401). Thirty three
cattle from SHZ and seven from EZ showed inconclusive results. In
Kenya, 625 cattle from four sites within agro-pastoral and pastoral
production systems were tested. In one area of Mwingi County, eastern
Kenya, all the 161 cattle tested negative; while in the other three
sites of Migori, in Nyanza, West Pokot and Laikipia in the Rift Valley,
prevalence of 4-6% was obtained with SICTT. Bovine TB occurs in the
region and may pose a public health threat through occupational
activities and/or consumption of animal products, especially since no
obvious clinical signs were observed in positive animals. Policy issues
on how to deal with positive cases, creation of awareness on this
important zoonotic disease, and a simple test to quickly identify sick
animals in the field require urgent attention.La bact\ue9rie zoonotique Mycobacterium bovis est un agent
pathog\ue8ne d\u2019importance dans l\u2019industrie laiti\ue8re
partout dans le monde entier. Bien que l\u2019agent pathog\ue8ne
affecte essentiellement les bovins, il peut infecter une large range
d\u2019h\uf4tes l\u2019homme y compris. Une \ue9tude transversale
a \ue9t\ue9 r\ue9alis\ue9e dans trois zones
agro-\ue9cologiques de la Tanzanie, notamment la zone Sud (SHZ), la
zone Est (EZ) et la zone Nord (NZ), afin d\u2019examiner la
pr\ue9valence de cette maladie chez les bovins, en vue de
d\ue9finir des mesures pour son contr\uf4le. Au total, 391, 169 et
401 bovins ont \ue9t\ue9 testes pour la tuberculose bovine (bTB)
respectivement dans le SHZ, EZ et NZ. Le test Intradermique Comparatif
a la Tuberculine Cervicale (SICTT). Les r\ue9sultats ont montr\ue9
que la pr\ue9valence de bTB \ue9tait \ue9lev\ue9e (p<0.05)
en EZ 2.37% (n = 169) comparativement \ue0 SHZ 1.3% (n=391) et NZ, ou
aucun cas positif n\u2019a \ue9t\ue9 enregistre (n = 401).
Trente-trois bovins de SHZ et 7 de EZ ont montre des r\ue9sultats non
conclusifs. Au Kenya, 625 bovins provenant de quatre sites au sein des
syst\ue8mes de production agro-pastorale et pastorale ont
\ue9t\ue9 testes. Dans une zone de Mwingi a l\u2019Est du Kenya,
tous les 161 bovins ont \ue9t\ue9 testes n\ue9gative; tandis que
dans les trois autres sites de Migori, en Nyanza, West Pokot et
Laikipia dans la vall\ue9e du Rift, la pr\ue9valence \ue9tait de
4-6% avec le test SICTT. La tuberculose bovine est pr\ue9sent\ue9
dans la r\ue9gion et peut engendrer des menaces de sante publique au
travers des activit\ue9s d\u2019\ue9levage et la consommation de
viandes infect\ue9es, surtout qu\u2019aucun signe Clinique
\ue9vident n\u2019a \ue9t\ue9 observe chez les animaux
d\ue9pist\ue9s positifs. Il est important et urgent de d\ue9finir
des mesures de gestion des cas positifs, de sensibiliser les
populations sur les risques probables et de rendre disponibles des kits
de tests rapides permettant d\u2019identifier \ue0 temps les animaux
atteints
Dispharynx nasuta (Nematoda: Acuariidae) em Guira guira e Crotophaga ani (Cuculiformes: Cuculidae) no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Molecular diversity of Theileria parva: a case study of Kilosa district, Morogoro, Tanzania
Theileria parva is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite which causes East Coast fever (ECF) in Eastern and Central Africa. A study was conducted between February and May 2012 in Morogoro region to determine the diversity of the T. Parva parasite circulating in cattle in Kilosa district. Also ECF cases reported between 2008 and 2009 at Veterinary Investigation Centres (VIC’s) were analysed retrospectively to gain insight into the current status of ECF in Tanzania. A total of 100 cattle and 95 ticks were investigated. Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to determine the diversiyof T. parva by amplification of surface protein (p67). The study revealed the existence of two strains of T. parva with 800 and 900 bp respectively. This study revealed T. parva allele which has never been reported to be present in the imported ECF trivalent vaccine (“Muguga cocktail”) currently in use. Retrospective analysis on ECF cases of the disease indicated lower prevalence of ECF compared to the prevalence reported by other workers. These findings call for more study on the molecular epidemiology of T. parva circulating in cattle in the different grazing lands in Tanzania. The VICs are required to improve their diagnostic facilities and database.Keywords: Indigenous cattle, pastoralists, molecular epidemiology, genotypin
Determination of anthelmintic resistance in goats and sheep using faecal egg count reduction test at Luguruni farm, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Nematode parasites are known to pose a challenge to small ruminant production in Tanzania due to their fast development of resistance to the commonly used anthelmintics. The objective of this study was to determine the resistance of anthelmintics in small ruminants. A total of 30 sheep and 30 goats aged between 6 and 12 months at Luguruni farm, Dar es Salaam with egg per gram (EPG) of 150 or above were tested for anthelmintic resistance by using faecal egg count reduction test. Three groups of 10 animals each were treated with recommended dose of albendazole, levamizole and placebo and were followed up for faecal egg reduction. A Modified McMaster Counting Chamber was used to determine the EPG where as Hematocrit reader for PCV reading. It was found that the percentage reduction of eggs in goats treated with albendazole and levamizole were 80% and 88.2%, respectively, and the 95% Lower confidence limit of 53.4 and 60, respectively. In sheep the percentage reduction of eggs were 60% and 73.1% respectively, the 95% lower confidence limit were 0 and 38, respectively. With these results, the nematodes showed resistance to anthelmintics used because the percentage reduction in egg count was less than 95% and the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval less than 90%. The PCV as recorded in Sheep and Goats before and after treatment with anthelmintics drugs shows slight changes in terms of their values so this is convincing that there was less burden of Haemonchus corntotus.Keywords: Albendazole, levamizole, McMaster, PCV, resis
Efeito anti-helmíntico dos extratos aquosos e etanólicos da Annona squamosa L. (fruta-do-conde) sobre o nematóide Ascaridia galli Anthelmintic effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Annona squamosa L. (sweetsop) on the nematode Ascaridia galli
As plantas são fontes importantes de produtos naturais biologicamente ativos. Dentre as plantas usadas na medicina popular a Anonna squamosa conhecida como fruta-do-conde é citada como tendo várias ações medicinais, dentre elas a atividade inseticida e anti-helmíntica. Dentro desta perspectiva, objetivou-se determinar a atividade anti-helmíntica dos extratos aquosos (EA) e etanólicos (EE) das folhas da fruta-do-conde sobre o nematóide de aves Ascaridia galli, in vitro e in vivo. No primeiro, os nematóides foram colocados em placa de Petri contendo diferentes concentrações dos extratos e no segundo foram utilizadas seis galinhas poedeiras por grupo, as quais foram administrados10 mL Kg-1 dos extratos. No teste in vitro o EA da A. squamosa nas concentrações 2,4 e 9,6 mg mL-1 foi capaz de matar 63,33% e 53,33% dos nematóides, respectivamente. O EE não produziu efeito significativo. No teste in vivo, o percentual de eliminação do EA foi de 39% e do EE de 20%. Estes dados sugerem que neste caso a substância responsável pela mortalidade dos parasitos esteja em maior concentração na fração aquosa. Desta maneira, acredita-se que o EA de A. squamosa apresenta uma atividade anti-helmíntica potencial sobre o A. galli.<br>Plants are important sources of biologically active natural products. Among the plants used in popular medicine, Annona squamosa, known as sweetsop, is reported to have several medicinal actions such as insecticidal and anthelmintic activity. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the anthelmintic activity of aqueous (AE) and ethanolic (EE) extracts from sweetsop leaves on the chicken roundworm Ascaridia galli, both in vitro and in vivo. In the former, nematodes were placed on a Petri plate containing different concentrations of the extracts; in the in vivo test, six egg-laying chickens per group received 10 mL Kg-1 of the extracts. In vitro results indicated that A. squamosa AE at the concentrations 2.4 and 9.6 mg mL-1 could kill 63.33% and 53.33% nematodes, respectively. However, EE did not have any significant effect. According to the in vivo test, the elimination percentage for AE was 39% and for EE, 20%. These data suggest that the substance responsible for parasite mortality was present at a higher concentration in the aqueous fraction. Thus, A. squamosa AE is believed to have a potential anthelmintic activity on A. galli