Designer solvent ability of alcohols in aqueous biphasic systems composed of deep eutectic solvents and potassium phosphate

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have been proposed as phase forming components of aqueous biphasic systems (ABS). However, the DES hydrogen bonding complexes are not stable in the high concentrations of water present in this type of systems. Therefore, as previously shown, DES-based ABS should be treated as quaternary systems. This confers DES-based ABS with an extra degree of freedom for the design of separation processes since while one of the DES components acts as a phase forming component, the other could induce the modification of the ABS phase properties and, consequently, the control of the partition of various biomolecules. In this context, the designer solvent effect of the hydrogen bond donor (HBD), using four different alcohols – ethanol, n-propanol 1,2-propanediol and ethylene glycol – mixed at three different molar fractions (2:1; 1:1 and 1:2) with cholinium chloride (the hydrogen bond acceptor, HBA) in quaternary systems composed of K2HPO4 and water, was evaluated in this work. The results show that the presence of the HBD has an impact upon the liquid–liquid equilibrium, and these changes are dependent on the alcohol nature. The NRTL model was correlated to the tie-line experimental data with a low mean deviation. Moreover, several biomolecules (phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and amino acids) were use as molecular probes to evaluate the ability of alcohols to tune the partition in the studied systems. The alcohol presence changes the properties of the ABS’s phases and it is here shown that the HBD of the DES can indeed be used to modulate the partition behavior of target molecules.publishe

STUDY OF PRODUCTION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS DEMINERALIZED WATER FOR BOILERS

A comparison of the presence and absence of a softening system as a pretreatment of the water that is fed into the separation process by reverse osmosis membranes was performed. The following parameters of the reverse osmosis were evaluated: the pH of the feed water; the flow of the permeate; the pressure of the feed water in the membrane in the first and second stages; and the pressure of the reject, both in the absence and the presence of the softening system. The results indicated that the inclusion of a softening system as a pretreatment for feeding the reverse osmosis process prevented the premature deposition of silica, thereby increasing the useful life of the membrane

Extraction of bioactive compounds from Curcuma longa L. using deep eutectic solvents: in vitro and in vivo biological activities

In this work, deep eutectic solvents (DES-based menthol and cholinium chloride) and the ethanol, temperature, and times were selected to extract bioactive compounds from the rhizome, leaves, and flowers Curcuma longa L., using ultrasound-assisted extraction. Analyzes antioxidant, flavonoids, antimicrobial, chelation Fe2+, inhibition of the cholinesterase's enzymes, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in Allium cepa cells were performed. The extracts showed results of iron chelation and antibacterial. Curcuma flowers and leaves' extracts inhibited food spoilage bacteria with values above 45%, with substantial iron-chelating activity above 50%. Extracts obtained by DES based on menthol and lactic acid exhibited a high percentage of inhibition of acetyl and butyryl cholinesterase. In contrast, flower extracts obtained by menthol and acetic acid showed low inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme activity. No extract showed cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Biological activities showed a high potential for the application of these extracts in the food and pharmaceutical industries.This study was financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001. The authors thank both CAPES for the financial support, the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) and the Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Labmulti-CM (UTFPR) for the technical support provided. M. R. Mafra and L. Igarashi-Mafra are grateful to the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq - Grant 310182/2018-2 and 308517/2018-0, respectively).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

BIOSORPTION EVALUATION OF SYNTHETICDYE FROM FOOD INDUSTRY WASTEWATER ONTO SILKWORMCOCOONS: PRELIMINARY STUDIES

The aim of this study was to evaluate thesynthetic azo dye (tartrazine) biosorption onto second line silkworm cocoons. Batch adsorption system was used to investigate the effect of pH and initial tartrazine concentration in theliquid phase. Also, the kinetic mechanismwas investigated at 20°C and pH 2.0.The highest adsorption was obtained at the lowest pH evaluated, while the assays with pH above 3.0 did not show significant adsorption at the first hour of theprocess, indicating that biosorption is more favorable at lower values ofpH.The adsorption kinetic was studied at pH 2.0andcompared withthe kinetic mechanism ofconvective mass transfer and diffusion models.The kinetic behavior of biosorption process showed a high amount of dye adsorbedat the beginning of the process, however, after saturation of the functional groups, the adsorption rate decreased over time until saturation. After 24 hours of batch operation, the uptake of tartrazine onto silkworm cocoons was 40.39 mg g-1,and the rate of adsorption reduces from 3.430 to 0.003 mg min-1g-1, suggesting that the process approaches the equilibrium. The Crank model provided the best fit. The results revealed that silkworm cocoons have the potential to be used as a biosorbent for wastewater treatment containing tartrazin

Effect of mash maceration and ripening stage of apples on phenolic compounds and antioxidant power of cloudy juices: A study using chemometrics

AbstractThe effects of different enzymatic preparations on total phenolic content, phenolic profile (HPLC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of cloudy juices from Lis Gala and Fuji Suprema apples varieties, at three ripening stages (unripe, ripe and senescent) were investigated using Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. The commercial preparations enzymatic (Ultrazym® AFPL; Pectinex® Ultra Clear; Pectinex® SMASH XXL; Panzym® YieldMASH) increased the total phenolic compounds and ferric reducing capacity of the cloudy juice from unripe and ripe Lis Gala (respectively by 67 and 49% for unripe apples, and 28 and 33% for ripe apples) and unripe Fuji Suprema apples (23 and 55%), while for the ripe Fuji Suprema apples only Pectinex® Ultra Clear and Panzym® YieldMASH had this effect. No significant (p > 0.05) was observed on senescent stage, whatever the enzymatic preparation. Enzymatic preparations could increase phenolic compounds concentration and antioxidant capacity of cloudy apple juice, but this effect depended on the maturity of the apples

Understanding the role of the hydrogen bond donor of the deep eutectic solvents in the formation of the aqueous biphasic systems

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have been proposed as phase-forming compounds of aqueous biphasic systems (ABS). However, due to DES nature and the high water content of the ABS, their nature and behavior remains controversial. To foster the understanding of DES-based ABS, the present work uses the relative hydrophilicity of the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) as a descriptor to clarify its role on ABS for- mation and phase properties. Dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4)-based ABS phase diagrams composed of cholinium chloride ([N111(2OH)]Cl), as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), and several HBD (alcohols and sugars) were compared in molality units and the saturation solubility point for each binodal curve determined. The results here reported establish the HBD role as function of its relative hydrophilicity: very hydrophilic HBD act only as an adjuvant in the formation of ABS; HBD of intermediate hydrophilicity influence the ABS formation; while the most hydrophobic HBD tend to form organic-aqueous two-phase systems, where the HBA acts as an adjuvant to the system.publishe

Extraction of phenolic compounds from rosemary using choline chloride – based Deep Eutectic Solvents

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have been explored as an alternative to hazardous solvents to extract natural bioactive compounds. In this work, choline chloride-based DES (neat and hydrated) were assessed in the extraction of phenolics from rosemary leaves. The DES studied on an initial screening showed a total phenolic content (TPC) up to 220% higher than the control. The solubilities of the main rosemary biocompounds, estimated by COSMO-RS, showed a positive correlation to TPC. Choline chloride:1,2-propanediol (CPH) was selected for further optimization. At the optimal conditions (65 °C, liquid: solid ratio of 40:1 and 50 %wt of water), the antioxidant activity and TPC were 80 mg of Trolox equivalent/g and 78 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the optimized extract revealed inhibition of 39–51% to all bacteria tested. In summary, an extract with good antioxidant and antimicrobial activities was obtained from rosemary leaves using CPH as solvent.publishe

Valorization of Raw Coffee Beans (<i>Coffea arabica</i> and <i>Coffea canephora</i>) through Solvent Development and Extraction of Bioactive Compounds

Raw coffee beans are seen as valuable sources of bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids and chlorogenic acids. In this study, an efficient and eco-friendly method for the simultaneous extraction of caffeine, trigonelline, and chlorogenic acids from raw beans of two coffee species was developed, using green solvents and an unconventional method of extraction (assisted by ultrafast rotary disintegrator/homogenizer (UT-AE)). The experimental extraction conditions were optimized according to a completely randomized design (CRD), considering the following variables: solvent type (four deep eutectic solvents (DESs), water, and aqueous choline chloride solution (50 wt.%); temperature (25, 45, and 65 °C); and extraction technique (solid-liquid extraction with agitated heating and assisted by ultrafast rotary disintegrator/homogenizer). The extract obtained with choline chloride solution (50 wt.%) exhibited high total phenolic compounds and the highest antioxidant capacity. An analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) indicated the presence of chlorogenic acids, caffeine, and trigonelline in all the extracts, in different amounts. The results obtained by the analysis of phenolic compounds and HPLC indicated that the aqueous solution of choline chloride (50% wt.%) was the most suitable solvent for the extraction of chlorogenic acids, while the water-based extracts showed high values of caffeine and trigonelline. DESs, in turn, seems to promote a protective effect on the antioxidant activity of biomolecules