Climate change and future scenarios for palisade grass production in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

The objective of this work was to analyze future scenarios for palisade grass yield subjected to climate change for the state of São Paulo, Brazil. An empirical crop model was used to estimate yields, according to growing degree-days adjusted by one drought attenuation factor. Climate data from 1963 to 2009 of 23 meteorological stations were used for current climate conditions. Downscaled outputs of two general circulation models were used to project future climate for the 2013-2040 and 2043-2070 periods, considering two contrasting scenarios of temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration increase (high and low). Annual dry matter yield should be from 14 to 42% higher than the current one, depending on the evaluated scenario. Yield variation between seasons (seasonality) and years is expected to increase. The increase of dry matter accumulation will be higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, and this result is more evident for soils with low-water storage capacity. The results varied significantly between regions (60%). Despite their higher climate potential, warmer regions will probably have a lower increase in future forage production

A global research priority agenda to advance public health responses to fatty liver disease

Background & aims An estimated 38% of adults worldwide have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). From individual impacts to widespread public health and economic consequences, the implications of this disease are profound. This study aimed to develop an aligned, prioritised fatty liver disease research agenda for the global health community. Methods Nine co-chairs drafted initial research priorities, subsequently reviewed by 40 core authors and debated during a three-day in-person meeting. Following a Delphi methodology, over two rounds, a large panel (R1 n = 344, R2 n = 288) reviewed the priorities, via Qualtrics XM, indicating agreement using a four-point Likert-scale and providing written feedback. The core group revised the draft priorities between rounds. In R2, panellists also ranked the priorities within six domains: epidemiology, models of care, treatment and care, education and awareness, patient and community perspectives, and leadership and public health policy. Results The consensus-built fatty liver disease research agenda encompasses 28 priorities. The mean percentage of ‘agree’ responses increased from 78.3 in R1 to 81.1 in R2. Five priorities received unanimous combined agreement (‘agree’ + ‘somewhat agree’); the remaining 23 priorities had >90% combined agreement. While all but one of the priorities exhibited at least a super-majority of agreement (>66.7% ‘agree’), 13 priorities had 90% combined agreement. Conclusions Adopting this multidisciplinary consensus-built research priorities agenda can deliver a step-change in addressing fatty liver disease, mitigating against its individual and societal harms and proactively altering its natural history through prevention, identification, treatment, and care. This agenda should catalyse the global health community’s efforts to advance and accelerate responses to this widespread and fast-growing public health threat. Impact and implications An estimated 38% of adults and 13% of children and adolescents worldwide have fatty liver disease, making it the most prevalent liver disease in history. Despite substantial scientific progress in the past three decades, the burden continues to grow, with an urgent need to advance understanding of how to prevent, manage, and treat the disease. Through a global consensus process, a multidisciplinary group agreed on 28 research priorities covering a broad range of themes, from disease burden, treatment, and health system responses to awareness and policy. The findings have relevance for clinical and non-clinical researchers as well as funders working on fatty liver disease and non-communicable diseases more broadly, setting out a prioritised, ranked research agenda for turning the tide on this fast-growing public health threat

Biomarkers Of Oxidative Stress In Patients With Chronic Respiratory Insuficiency (cresi) During Long Term Oxigen Therapy (ltot) [biomarcadores De Estresse Oxidativo Em Fumantes Crônicos E Em Portadores De Insuficiência Respiratória Crônica (iresc) Durante Oxigenoterapia Domiciliar Prolongada (odp)]

Sumary Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate several biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with Chronic Respiratory Insuficiency (CResI) at three moments: before, after 7 and 270 days of Long Term Oxigen Therapy (LTOT).Methods: The blood catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR), the Hemoglobin (Hb), lactate and Uric Acid concentration (AU) in total blood were measured. The total sulphydrils (TSH) and Protein carbonyls concentration were measured in plasma in these patients, using spectrophotometric techniques. The blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) was evaluated using a pulse oxymeter.Results: When compared Chronic Smokers (CS) with CResI group and both with Nonsmokers group (NS) observed that CResI group presented an increase in oxidative stress level, represented for decrease of three biomarkers: CAT, GR and TSH. After 7 days of LTOT the SpO2, CAT and GR activity and AU concentration were increased (P<0,05). On the other hand, the decrease on GST concentration was manteined in this period (P<0,05). The pacients submitted of 7 to 270 of LTOT showed a significant decrease on GR activity (P<0.05).Conclusion: These results showed that the major level of oxidative stress in patients with CResI happened probably as consequence of chronic hypoxemia and the LTOT was not able to block the clinic evolution of disease. © Copyright Moreira Jr. Editora.719295302Molfino, N.A., Genetics of COPD (2004) Chest., 125 (5), pp. 1929-1940Barnes, P.J., Mediators of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2004) Pharmacol Rev., 56 (4), pp. 515-548Antczak, A., Kharitonov, S.A., Montuschi, P., Inflammatory response to sputum induction measured by exhaled markers (2005) Respiration., 72, pp. 594-599Rahman, I., Antioxidant therapies in COPD (2006) Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis., 1 (1), pp. 15-29Louhelainen, N., Myllärniemi, M., Rahman, I., Kinnula, V.L., Airway biomarkers of the oxidant burden in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Current and future perspectives (2008) Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis., 3 (4), pp. 585-603Rahman, I., Macnee, W., Role of transcription factors in inflammatory lung diseases (1998) Thorax., 53, pp. 601-612Pryor, W.A., Dooley, M.D., Church, D.F., The mechanisms of inactivation of human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor by gas phase cigarrette smoke (1986) Free. 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Mechanisms involved in the rat peritoneal leukocyte migration induced by a Kunitz-type inhibitor isolated from dimorphandra mollis seeds

FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICODMTI-II is a Kunitz-type inhibitor isolated from Dimorphandra mollis seeds that causes rat inflammatory edema by mechanisms involving activation of mast cells and sensory C-fibers. The present study aimed to further explore the inflammatory mechanisms involved in DMTI-II-induced inflammation, focusing to the leukocyte migration in vivo. Male Wistar rats (250-280 g) were injected with DMTI-II (1-100 mu g/cavity), and at 4-24 h thereafter the leukocyte counts in peritoneal lavage were evaluated. DMTI-II caused dose- and time-dependent accumulation of neutrophils and eosinophils. The peritoneal neutrophil influx initiated at 4 h, achieving maximal responses at 16 h after DMTI-II injection (16- and 22-fold increase, respectively). The DMTI-II-induced eosinophil recruitment was observed as early as 4 h achieving the maximal responses at 16 h (12- and 17-fold increase, respectively). The mononuclear cell number increased at 4 h and 16 h (1.5-fold and 1.6-increase, respectively). Prior treatments with dexamethasone, the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors indomethacin and celecoxib, as well as the PAF receptor antagonist PCA4248 largely reduced the neutrophil and eosinophil accumulation. The selective lypoxygenase inhibitor AA861, the tachykinin NK(1) antagonist SR-140333 and the nitric oxide inhibitor L-NAME reduced only the eosinophil number. The eotaxin levels were significantly higher in DMTI-II-injected rats compared with control animals. In conclusion, DMTI-II causes an early migration of eosinophils and neutrophils by mechanisms involving COX-2- and lipoxygenase-derived metabolites, PAF, substance P and NO. The capacity of DMTI-II to recruit eosinophils at early times is likely to reflect the allergen properties of proteinase inhibitors belonging to Kunitz family533323329FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOsem informaçãosem informaçã

Enhancement Of The Pulmonary Allergic Granulocyte Recruitment In Rats Exposed To Dmti-ii, A Kunitz-type Inhibitor Isolated From Dimorphandra Mollis Seeds

DMTI-II (23-kDa trypsin inhibitor purified from Dimorphandra mollis seeds) promotes acute inflammation accompanied by an early infiltration of eosinophils, a critical cell type involved in allergic diseases. We have evaluated here the capacity of DMTI-II to enhance the allergic pulmonary inflammation, looking over time to the leukocyte trafficking from bone marrow to peripheral blood, and their recruitment into the allergic airways. Male Wistar rats were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). At 2 to 16 h prior to OVA challenge, animals were exposed to DMTI-II (10 μg). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), circulating blood and bone marrow were examined at 24 h post-OVA challenge. Challenge with OVA significantly increased the influx of total inflammatory cells, neutrophils and eosinophils in BAL and lung tissue. Pre-exposure to DMTI-II potentiated total inflammatory cell and neutrophil recruitment (p &lt; 0.05). Neutropoiesis and neutrophilia accompanied pulmonary cell influx. Pre-exposure to DMTI-II also significantly increased eosinophil recruitment to BAL, an effect starting at 4 h, remaining markedly elevated at 16 h (p &lt; 0.05). Eosinopoiesis and eosinophilia (seen within 2 to 4 h) were also observed. Exposure to DMTI-II alone increased the IL-4 levels, and further increased the IL-4 levels in OVA-challenged rats. The levels of IgE, LTB 4 and eotaxin in OVA-challenged rats were greater compared with non-sensitized rats, but DMTI-II exposure failed to further enhance such levels. In summary, our study shows that DMTI-II itself presents granulocytopoietic activity, and enhances allergen-induced neutrophil and eosinophil mobilization from bone marrow to lung tissues that is accompanied by enhanced IL-4 production. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. 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