Doctor can I buy a new kidney? I've heard it isn't forbidden: what is the role of the nephrologist when dealing with a patient who wants to buy a kidney?

Organ trafficking is officially banned in several countries and by the main Nephrology Societies. However, this practice is widespread and is allowed or tolerated in many countries, hence, in the absence of a universal law, the caregiver may be asked for advice, placing him/her in a difficult balance between legal aspects, moral principles and ethical judgments. In spite of the Istanbul declaration, which is a widely shared position statement against organ trafficking, the controversy on mercenary organ donation is still open and some experts argue against taking a negative stance. In the absence of clear evidence showing the clinical disadvantages of mercenary transplantation compared to chronic dialysis, self-determination of the patient (and, with several caveats, of the donor) may conflict with other ethical principles, first of all non-maleficence. The present paper was drawn up with the participation of the students, as part of the ethics course at our medical school. It discusses the situation in which the physician acts as a counselor for the patient in the way of a sort of “reverse” informed consent, in which the patient asks advice regarding a complex personal decision, and includes a peculiar application of the four principles (beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy) to the donor and recipient parties

Title: Evaluation of Organizational Intelligence , Organizational learning and Organizational Agility in Teaching Hospitals of Yazd City: A Case Study at Teaching Hospitals of Yazd City in 2015

Background: Organizational intelligence has been defined as the capacity of an organization to direct its mental abilities and use these capabilities to achieve its mission and agility means ability to react quickly to environmental changes and it is an important factor for hospital effectiveness. This study was aimed to Evaluate Organizational Intelligence and Organizational learning and Organizational Agility in Teaching Hospitals of Yazd City. Methods: this descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 .the study population included administrative and medical staff in Shahid Sadoughi,, Shahid Rahnemoon,, Afshar and burning hospital. A total of 370 administrative and medical staff were contributed in the study.  We used stratified-random method for sampling. The required data were gathered using 3 valid questionnaires including Albrecht- Organizational Intelligence (2002), organizational learning (neefe2001) and  organizational agility questionnaire according to theory Sharifi & Zhang (1999)  . data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods in SPSS18 . Results: mean Organizational Intelligence scores hospital was 2.29, organizational learning scores hospital was 1.48 and organizational agility scores hospital was 1.52. as well as , hospital variable and Education  affect on Organizational Intelligence, organizational learning and organizational agility. Conclusion: Based on the findings it can be concluded that the implementation of appropriate strategies for improving the organizational capacity to direct its employees’ mental abilities, can also improve the ability of organization’s rapid response to surrounding issues which is crucial for its survival and dynamics in today’s changing worl

Study of Continuance Rate and Related Causes of Discontinuance of Pregnancy Prevention Methods among Women in Yazd

Introduction: From maturity to menopause, women are worried about pregnancy. Abstinence from sex or use of pregnancy prevention methods are choices for them. As abstinence is impossible, the only remaining choice is use of pregnancy prevention methods. Effective control of pregnancy is really essential for the health of mother and infant and also control of unplanned increase in population. Regarding the importance of continuance rate of pregnancy prevention methods (OCP, IUD, Condom &DMPA) & the reasons for their disruption, this study was carried out with the aim of determining the continuance rate and reasons for discontinuance of pregnancy prevention methods in Yazd women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Six urban health care centers of Yazd were selected as study clusters and information of 15-49 year old women using the pregnancy prevention methods (OCP, IUD, Condom& injection) was collected via a questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed by Coplan- Mayer statistic method and variance analysis test. Results: Pregnancy prevention methods were most prevalent in the 25-34 years old age group (57%). Mean duration of pregnancy prevention method usage was 27.98 months using Caplan-mayer method with a median of 24 months. 86.3% for 6 months, 72.8% for 12 months, 62.5% for 18 months, 47.9% for 24 months, 39.9% for 30 months and 37% for 37 months had used four certain methods of pregnancy prevention (OCP, IUD, Condom and Injection). The reasons of discontinuance were disease (15.6%) for OCPS, bleeding (27%) for IUD, unwanted pregnancy (21%) for Condoms and also disease (75%) for Injection method. Discussion: According to the results, not only education programs regarding family planning before starting each pregnancy prevention method to women is recommended, but a complete incentive consultation about these methods is essential. This educational & consultation programs should be implemented initially for women using OCP method

Study of Knowledge and Practice of Men with Wives who Suffer From Premenstrual Syndrome about the Syndrome in Yazd City

Introduction: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) includes physical, psychological and emotional symptoms that occur during last days of premenstrual cycle and subside with the start of menstruation or during the first days of bleeding, so the study aimed determining knowledge and practice of men who their waives suffer from PMS about the syndrome in Yazd city. Methods: The descriptive-analytical study carried out on 240 young couples referred to Yazd Health Care Centers who were selected randomly and entered in the study voluntarily. The tools for data collection were Premenstrual Syndrome Screening Tool and a researcher-designed questionnaire for measuring men's knowledge and practice about the syndrome. A pilot study approved the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS18 software. In analyzing the data, statistical tests such as T-Test, ANOVA and correlation coefficient were used. Results: Mean score of men's knowledge about PMS which included their scores in awareness about the mental and physicals symptoms of PMS and strategies for reducing the symptoms was 26.51±7.40 out of 51and and their practice mean score was 23.01±5.20 out of 32.There was a significant relation between knowledge and practice (p=0.00).The less correct answerer to knowledge question was in turn to questions of suicide tendency, increased appetite and loose weight and the less reported practice was "calling to wife in premenstrual period and recalling her to have an snack". Conclusions:For achieving this important issuepresenting high quality education programs which may causes sustainable behavior change with an emphasize on issues such as symptoms of PMS including suicide tendency, self harm, increased appetite and strategies for loose weight and snack consumption is recommended

Parasitism interacts with mutual interference to limit foraging efficiency in larvae of Nephus includens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Citation: Bayoumy, M. H., & Michaud, J. P. (2012). Parasitism interacts with mutual interference to limit foraging efficiency in larvae of Nephus includens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Retrieved from http://krex.ksu.eduPredator parasitism can modify predator–prey interactions through long-term (numerical) and short-term (functional response) impacts. However, mutual interference is another density-dependent factor that may affect predator foraging efficiency in the presence or absence of parasitism. This study examined the effects of parasitism of the invader Nephus includens (Kirsch) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) by Homalotylus flaminius Dalman (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), predator density, and prey density on the searching efficiency (a measure of area of discovery) using the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) as prey. Mutual interference reduced foraging efficiency by 47% in parasitized fourth-instar larvae compared to 44% in those unparasitized. Increasing predator density decreased searching efficiency more markedly in parasitized than in unparasitized larvae. The combined effects of parasitism and mutual interference reduced searching efficiency by 91%. Conversely, prey consumption by parasitized fourth-instar larvae increased with increasing prey density. Interference values declined from 0.98 to 0.82 with increasing prey density, indicating that the negative effect of parasitism on predator foraging diminished with increasing prey availability. Thus, these results support the inference of the ‘enemy release’ hypothesis, that invading predators may be more successful and have higher impacts on prey when they escape from parasitism. In the context of augmentation of N. includens against A. gossypii on guava in Egypt, releases of predator life stages immune to parasitism by H. flaminius (e.g., pupae or adults) in a suitable predator-prey ratio should minimize the negative effects of parasitism and intraspecific interference, and thus maximize efficiency of the predator against the pest