The regulation of three new members of the cytochrome P450 CYP6 family and their promoters in the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii by plant allelochemicals

BACKGROUND: The expression of P450 genes in insects can be induced by plant allelochemicals. To understand the induction mechanisms, we measured the expression profiles of three P450 genes and their promoter activities under the induction of plant allelochemicals. RESULTS: The inducible expression of CYP6CY19 was the highest among three genes, followed by those of CYP6CY22 and CYP6DA1. The regions from −687 to +586bp of CYP6DA1, from−666 to +140bp of CYP6CY19 and from −530 to +218bp of CYP6CY22 were essential for basal transcriptional activity. The cis-elements for plant allelochemicals induction were identified between −193 and +56bp of CYP6DA1, between −157 and +140bp of CYP6CY19 and between −108 and +218bp of CYP6CY22. These promoter regions were found to contain a potential arylhydrocarbon receptor element binding site with a conservative sequence motif 5′-C/TAC/ANCA/CA-3′. All these four plant allelochemicals were able to induce the expression of these P450 genes. Tannic acid had a better inductive effect than other three plant allelochemicals. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified the plant allelochemical responsive cis-elements. This provides further research targets aimed at understanding the regulatory mechanisms of P450 genes expression and their interactions with plant allelochemicals in insect pests

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

املظاهرالاجتماعية والاقتصادية والديمغرافية واملعمارية إلقطاعية تبن؈ن ي عصرالحرب الصليبية

Tibnīn was an important small Crusader fief and a fortified castle. It was vital for the Kingdom of Jerusalem, because it included fertile agricultural lands, was a tax collection centre, and because it controlled the Damascus-to-Tyre commercial route. Additionally, its castle played defensive and offensive role in the north of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and upper Galilee, and its rulers of Tibnīn played a major role in forming the history of the Latin East. When the Crusaders invaded the Levant at the end of the eleventh century, it was given rise to new demographic, cultural, socio-economic, and architectural features. The present Paper aims at removing some of the mystery concerning the fief of Tibnīn and its castle in the Latin East. This paper thus is a study of the demographic structure of Tibnīn and discusses the socio-economic role of Tibnīn in the Latin east. Moreover, the role of Tibnīn in influencing the relations between Muslims and the Crusaders in the Levant and the architecture of the castle of Tibnīn and its importance in the age of the Crusade will be examined.ملخص: هذا املقال يتناول دراسة املظاهر الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والديمغرافية واملعمارية إلقطاعية تبن؈ن ࢭي عصر الحرب الصليبية، والذي يكون جزء من أطروحۘܣ للماجست؈ربقسم تاريخ العصور الوسطي والحديثة ࢭي جامعة جوتنجن أملانيا، يناير 2014 .تبن؈ن ۂي أحدي ٕالاقطاعيات ٔالاثۚܣ عشر الصغرى ࢭي مملكة بيت املقدس، وقد بدأ ميالدها كإقطاعية صليبية (1103-1105م/99-496 هــ) عڴى يد "هيو سانت أومر" والۘܣ منحها أسم تورون. تبن؈ن تقع ࢭي منطقة جبل عامل جنوب لبنان ࢭي منطقة الجليل ٔالاعڴى عڴى الطريق التجاري ب؈ن دمشق ً وصور، الذي بدوره جعلها ت ا هاما ࢭي الصراع الصليۗܣ ٕالاسالمي لتحكمها ً لعب دور ࢭي هذا الطرق التجاري الهام ب؈ن دمشق وصور. ساهمت تبن؈ن بدور أساسۜܣ ࢭي إسقاط مدينة صور 1124 ࢭي يد الصليبي؈ن وظلت قاعدة هامة ملحاربة املسلم؈ن ࢭي شمال مملكة بيت املقدس. ملعرفة أهمية الدور السياسۜܣ والعسكري لهذه ٕالاقطاعية، وما العوامل الۘܣ اجعلْڈ ذات مكان هامة رغم أٰڈا إقطاعية صليبية صغري، كان البد من دراسة البنية الاجتماعية والسكانية الدعامت؈ن ٔالاساسيت؈ن لكافة املستوطنات الصليبية. وبيان أهمية قلعْڈا ࢭي عصر الحروب الصليبية، ودراسة أهميْڈا الزراعية والاقتصادية ململكة بيت املقدس، وهذا بدوره منحها أهمية عسكرية وسياسية هامة. وبالتاڲي فهذه الورقة تتناول دراسة أهميْڈا الزراعية والاقتصادية ومعرفة تركيبْڈا السكانية عالوة عڴى أهمية قلعْڈا وطرازها املعماري الذي يب؈ن مدي قوٮڈا وحصانْڈا وأهميْڈا العسكرية ࢭي الشرق الالتيۚܣ عصرالحروب الصليبي