An Edition of the middle English romance: Richard Coeur de Lion

This PhD thesis consists of an edition of four versions of RCL from the following manuscripts: MS Auchinleck, Advocates 19.2.1; MS Arundel 58, College of Arms; MS Egerton 2862, British Library; MS Douce 228, Bodleian Library, which are printed side by side in vol. 1.The text is accompanied by a full critical apparatus consisting of an Introduction, Notes, Glossary and Index of Names. The Introduction gives a description of the four manuscripts, discusses the affiliation of the four versions - with reference to the texts not printed where necessary - and deals with the language of the original text and that of the four versions. The dialect, style and use of historical sources indicate that the text of RCL, as found in ADEL, is made up of a core part, which originated in the South East, and at least nine interpolations. Internal evidence points to a date of composition of post 1250.As far as it is known, there is no one major source for RCL, nor is there evidence to prove the existence of an AN original. The main sources of the romance are the Itinerarium Peregrinorum and Ambroise's Estoire de la Guerre Sainte,-hut others are also found. The core part of the romance consists of a sober, historical narrative in which Richard I is portrayed as a military hero fighting the Saracens during the third crusade. Although much material was added subsequently, the focus on Richard and his military prowess remains the same, producing a narrative with a narrow, unsophisticated focus, in which the antipathy towards the French rather than the Saracens is striking

A study of the bubble point test for membrane characterisation

Filtration is a commonly used separation process. Many researchers have looked at the different properties affecting the performance of filter media and many methods have been considered for testing their efficiency. The performance of a filtration process is mainly dependent on the status of the filter medium and its ability to act as perfect barrier within the process, and from there arose the importance of defining its properties and integrity. In this research we are looking at the bubble point test as one of the more useful, economical tests for examining a particular type filter medium. 0.2 µm, 5 µm and 12 µm Nuclepore track etched membranes were used in this research as their pore dimensions are close to cylindrical. The main parameters investigated were the minimum and mean pore size in addition to the bubble point. Two types of porometers were used in this research, the PMI and the Coulter II, and the results obtained by both were in good agreement with the ranges specified by the manufacturers. The selection of Nuclepore track etched membranes is made due to the uniqueness of the shapes of their pores. The cylindrical shape of the pores in this type of membranes simplifies the approach towards modelling the bubble point test, and thus understanding the microhydrodynamics occurring inside the membrane. This knowledge is obtained from this research by simulating both velocity and pressure profiles as well as gas-liquid interaction inside single and multiple pores, thus providing comprehensive understanding on the behaviour of the gas and the liquid phase inside the membrane. Such knowledge will help improve the design for a better system to accurately measure the bubble point test. Different mathematical methods can be applied, but the ability of the penalty scheme finite element method in dealing with complex geometries and such complex phenomena made it the preferred method. On the other hand the use of the volume of fluid method to detect the interfacial surface between the gas and the wetting liquid inside a pore microstructure has not been fully addressed before and thus considered as a novel part of this research