Prevalence of asthma among schoolchildren in Gorgan, Iran by questionnaire surveys in 2006

The aim of study to determine the prevalence of asthma in Gorgan. This cross-sectional study was carried out in randomly chosen public and non-profitable primary, guidance and high schools. Five hundred eighty copies of a standard questionnaire, which was randomly distributed among the students, were filled out by parents on behalf of their children. Six cases (1%) with triad asthma symptoms. Sixty five cases (11.2%) with cough 26 cases (4.5%) with tightness and 27 cases (4.7%) with wheezing, without they have caught cold. In all cases, 11.7% have at least one asthma symptoms. There was no significant relationship between asthma and age, sex and ethnic. As the results reveal the rate of asthma in Gorgan is high (11.7%) and it is important that people get educated to fight against asthma

Studi Penentuan Kapasitas Pemutus Tenaga Sisi 20 kV Pada Gardu Induk 60 MVA Wonogiri

Abstrak Pada jaringan distribusi 20 kV sangat memerlukan sistem pengaman untuk perlindungan jaringan dan peralatan tenaga listrik terutama pada peralatan yang memiliki harga mahal seperti transformator tenaga. Sistem pengaman tenaga listrik minimum terdiri dari transformator ukur, relay, dan PMT atau CB (circuit breaker). PMT atau CB (circuit breaker) adalah alat untuk membuka dan menutup suatu rangkaian listrik dalam kondisi berbeban, serta mampu menutup dan membuka saat terjadi gangguan akibat hubung singkat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui berapa besar kapasitas PMT atau CB (circuit breaker) yang dipakai pada Gardu Induk Wonogiri sesuai dengan ratingnya. Penentuan besar kapasitas PMT atau CB (circuit breaker) menggunakan metode perhitungan arus hubung singkat 3 fasa dimana memiliki arus hubung singkat yang paling tinggi. Ada 2 bagian hubung singkat 3 fasa yang harus dihitung yaitu arus hubung singkat bus 20 kV, arus hubung singkat penyulang. Setelah itu akan disimulasikan dengan menggunakan Etap 12.6 sebagai perbandingan dalam perhitungan besar arus hubung singkat yang terjadi pada jaringan distribusi. Dari hasil perhitungan matematis didapatkan nilai arus PMT atau CB (circuit breaker) sebesar 19.34 kA pada busbar 20 kV dan 14.22 kA pada penyulang sedangkan pada simulasi etap 12.6 didapatkan 19.32 kA pada busbar 20 kV dan 14.22 kA pada penyulang, sehingga memiliki perbedaan antara perhitungan matematis dan simulasi etap 12.6 pada busbar 20 kV yaitu sebesar 0.02 kA, maka kapasitas PMT atau CB (circuit breaker) pada busbar 20 kV dengan In 2000 A dan kapasitas 20 kA, pada penyulang dengan In 2000 A dan kapasitas 16 kA. Kata Kunci: Arus Hubung Singkat, PMT, Etap 12.6 Abstract in a 20 kV distribution network it is desperate for a safety system for the protection of networks and power equipment especially on expensive equipment such as power transformers. Minimum electrical power system consists of a transformer measuring, relay, and PMT or CB (circuit breaker). PMT or CB (circuit breaker) is a tool to open and close an electrical circuit in load condition, and able to close and open when interference caused by short circuit. The purpose of this study is to find out how much capacity of PMT or CB (circuit breaker) used on Wonogiri Substation in accordance with its rating. Determination of PMT or CB (circuit breaker) capacity using 3 phase short circuit current calculation method which has the highest short circuit current. There are 2 parts of short circuit 3 phase which must be calculated that short circuit bus current is 20 kV, short circuit short circuit. After that it will be simulated using Etap 12.6 as a comparison in the calculation of the large short-circuit current that occurs on the distribution network. From the mathematical calculation we get the value of PMT or CB (circuit breaker) flow of 19.34 kA on the busbar 20 kV and 14.22 kA in the repeater whereas in etet simulation 12.6 obtained 19.32 kA on busbar 20 kV and 14.22 kA at repeater, so as to have the difference between mathematical calculation and etap simulation 12.6 on busbar 20 kV that is 0.02 kA, the capacity of PMT or CB (circuit breaker) on busbar 20 kV with In 2000 A and capacity of 20 kA, in repeater with In 2000 A and capacity of 16 kA. Keywords: Short Circuit Flow, PMT, Etap 12.

Prarancangan Pabrik Nitrobenzena Dari Benzena Dan Asam Nitrat Dengan Proses Biazzi Kapasitas 50.000 Ton Per Tahun

Perancangan pabrik nitrobenzena kapasitas 50.000 ton per tahun dari benzena dan asam nitrat direncanakan akan berdiri di daerah Kawasan Industri Cilacap, Jawa Tengah. Proses yang digunakan dalam pembuatan nitrobenzena yaitu proses biazzi dengan penggunaan Reaktor Alir Tangki Berpengaduk (RATB) pada kondisi operasi suhu 50 oC dan tekanan 1 atm. Reaksi berlangsung dalam fase cair-cair, irreversible, dan dalam kondisi isothermal. Pabrik direncanakaan beroperasi selama 330 hari berbentuk perseroan terbatas (PT) dengan 170 karyawan yang terbagi menjadi karyawan shift dan nonshift. Kebutuhan benzena pada pabrik ini sebanyak 4004,8811 kg/jam yang diperoleh dari PT. Pertamina unit Cilacap dan asam nitrat sebanyak 4989,4947 kg/jam dari PT. Multi Nitrotama Kimia Cikampek. Produksi Nitrobenzena yang dihasilkan sebanyak 6313,1313 kg/jam dengan kebutuhan awal air untuk penyediaan unit utilitas sebanyak 393831,9939 kg/jam yang digunakan untuk kebutuhan steam, air proses, dan air sanitasi. Pabrik Nitrobenzena yang didirikan ini dengan modal tetap sebesar Rp. 606.578.816.245,91 per tahun dan modal kerja sebesar Rp. 166.163.796.042,48 per tahun menghasilkan keuntungan sebesar Rp. 114.121.072.746,20 per tahun sesudah mengalami pajak sebesar 30% dari keuntungan sebelum pajak. Precent return on investment (ROI) sebelum pajak dan sesudah pajak sebesar 26,88% dan 18,81%. Pay out time (POT) sebelum pajak dan sesudah pajak yaitu selama 2,71 tahun dan 3,47 tahun. Break event point (BEP) sebesar 50,52%, shut down point (SDP) sebesar 26,73%, discounted cash flow (DCF) sebesar 39,3%. Berdasarkan dari analisis kelayakan ekonomi dengan pertimbangan harga ROI, POT, BEP, SDP, untuk pabrik dengan resiko sedang diperoleh hasil kesimpulan bahwa pabrik nitrobenzena ini layak untuk didirika

Determining of factors influencing the success and failure of hospital information system and their evaluation methods: A systematic review

Background: Nowadays, using new information technology (IT) has provided remarkable opportunities to decrease medical errors, support health care specialist, increase the efficiency and even the quality of patient's care and safety. Objectives: The purpose of this study was the identification of Hospital Information System (HIS) success and failure factors and the evaluation methods of these factors. This research emphasizes the need to a comprehensive evaluation of HISs which considers a wide range of success and failure factors in these systems. Materials and Methods: We searched for relevant English language studies based on keywords in title and abstract, using PubMed, Ovid Medline (by applying MeSH terms), Scopus, ScienceDirect and Embase (earliest entry to march 17, 2012). Studies which considered success models and success or failure factors, or studied the evaluation models of HISs and the related ones were chosen. Since the studies used in this systematic review were heterogeneous, the combination of extracted data was carried out by using narrative synthesis method. Results: We found 16 articles which required detailed analysis. Finally, the suggested framework includes 12 main factors (functional, organizational, behavioral, cultural, management, technical, strategy, economy, education, legal, ethical and political factors), 67 sub factors, and 33 suggested methods for the evaluation of these sub factors. Conclusions: The results of the present research indicates that the emphasis of the HIS evaluation moves from technical subjects to human and organizational subjects, and from objective to subjective issues. Therefore, this issue entails more familiarity with more qualitative evaluation methods. In most of the reviewed studies, the main focus has been laid on the necessity of using multi-method approaches and combining methods to obtain more comprehensive and useful results

Methanol deuteration in high-mass protostars

Interstellar matter and star formatio

Selective β2 adrenergic agonist increases Cx43 and miR-451 expression via cAMP-Epac

It has been demonstrated that connexin 43 (Cx43) and microRNAs have significant roles in glioma. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is suggested to be a regulator of connexins and microRNAs. However, it remains elusive whether cAMP and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac2), have a regulatory effect on Cx43 and microRNA-451 (miR-451) in astrocytoma cells. We treated 1321N1 astrocytoma cells with a selective β2 adrenergic agonist and a selective Epac activator with and without adenyl cyclase and protein kinase A inhibition. Cx43 and miR-451 expression were measured. Next, we evaluated the effect of miR-451 overexpression on Cx43 expression. Cell proliferation was measured using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results demonstrated that cAMPE-pac2 increased Cx43 and miR-451 expression. However, the alteration of miR-451 expression required a higher dose of drugs. Overexpression of miR-451 had no significant effect on Cx43 expression. The MTT assay showed that cAMP-Epac stimulation and miR-451 overexpression had a synergic inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. These findings may expand our understanding of the molecular biology of glioma and provide new potential therapeutic targets

Invasive candidiasis in intensive care unit; consensus statement from an Iranian panel of experts, July 2013

Invasive candidiasis (IC) is associated with high mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Timely diagnosis of this potentially fatal condition remains a challenge; on the other hand, the criteria for initiating empirical antifungal therapy in critically ill patients are not well defined in different patient population and ICU settings. Alongside the international guidelines, reaching regional and local consensus on diagnosis and management of IC in ICU setting is essential. This report summarizes our present status of IC management in ICU, considered by a group of Iranian experts in the fields of intensive care and infectious diseases. A round table of 17 experts was held to review the available data and discuss the optimal treatment strategies for IC in critical care setting. Comparative published data on the management of IC were analytically reviewed and the commonly asked questions about the management of IC in ICU were isolated. These questions were interactively discussed by the panel and audience responses were taken to consolidate point-to-point agreement with the panel arriving at consensus in many instances. The responses indicated that patient's risk stratification, clinical discretion, fungal diagnostic techniques and the empirical therapy for IC are likely to save more patients. Treatment options were recommended to be based on the disease severity, prior azole exposure, and the presence of suspected azoleresistant Candida species. This report was reviewed, edited and discussed by all participants to include further evidence-based insights. The panel expects such endorsed recommendations to be soon formulated for implementation across the country. © 2014 The Author(s)

Importance of source structure on complex organics emission. I.: Observations of CH3OH from low-mass to high-mass protostars

Interstellar matter and star formatio