Comparison of 2 diets with either 25% or 10% of energy as casein on energy expenditure, substrate balance, and appetite profile.

BACKGROUND: An increase in the protein content of a diet results in an increase in satiety and energy expenditure. It is not clear to what extent a specific type of protein has such effects. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to compare the effects of 2 diets with either 25% or 10% of energy from casein (25En% and 10En% casein diets), as the only protein source, on energy expenditure, substrate balance, and appetite profile. DESIGN: During a 36-h stay in a respiration chamber, 24 healthy subjects [12 men and 12 women, body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 22.4 +/- 2.4, age 25 +/- 7 y] received isoenergetic diets according to subject-specific energy requirements: 25En% diet (25%, 20%, and 55% of energy as protein, fat, and carbohydrate, respectively) and 10En% diet (10%, 35%, and 55% of energy as protein, fat, and carbohydrate, respectively) in a randomized crossover design. Three days before the diets began, the subjects consumed a similar diet at home. Energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and appetite scores were measured. RESULTS: The 25En% casein diet resulted in a 2.6% higher 24-h total energy expenditure (9.30 +/- 0.24 compared with 9.07 +/- 0.24 MJ/d; P < 0.01) and a higher sleeping metabolic rate (6.74 +/- 0.16 compared with 6.48 +/- 0.17 MJ/d; P < 0.001) than did the 10En% casein diet. With the 25En% casein diet, compared with the 10En% casein diet, the subjects were in positive protein balance (0.57 +/- 0.05 compared with -0.08 +/- 0.03 MJ/d; P < 0.0001) and negative fat balance (-0.83 +/- 0.14 compared with 0.11 +/- 0.17 MJ/d; P < 0.0001), whereas positive carbohydrate balances were not significantly different between diets. Satiety was 33% higher with the 25En% casein diet than with the 10En% casein diet (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A 25En% casein diet boosts energy expenditure, protein balance, satiety, and negative fat balance, which is beneficial to body weight management

Metabolic effects of the dietary monosaccharides fructose, fructose-glucose, or glucose in mice fed a starch-containing moderate high-fat diet

Fructose consumption has been linked to obesity and increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Excessive caloric intake often confounds the results of fructose studies, and experimental diets are generally low-fat diets, not representative for westernized diets. Here, we compared the effects of dietary fructose with those of dietary glucose, in adult male and female mice on a starch-containing moderate high-fat (HF) diet. After 5 weeks fattening on a HF high-glucose (HF-G) diet, mice were stratified per sex and assigned to one of the three intervention diets for 6 weeks: HF high fructose (HF-F), HF with equimolar glucose and fructose (HF-GF), or HF-G. Bodyweight (BW) and food intake were measured weekly. Indirect calorimetry was performed on week 5; animals were sacrificed in food-deprived state on week 6. Data were analyzed within sex. BW gain was similar among animals on the HF-G, HF-GF, and HF-F diets. Cumulative food intake was slightly lower in HF-F animals (both sexes). However, energy expenditure was not affected, or were circulating insulin and glucose concentrations, and hepatic triglyceride levels at endpoint. Hepatic gene expression analysis showed only minor alterations in hexokinase and glycolysis-related expression in males, and no alterations in sugar transporters, or DNL-related enzymes. In females, no consistent alterations in hepatic or small intestine gene expression were seen. Concluding, partial or complete replacement of dietary glucose with fructose does not increase caloric intake, and does not affect BW, hepatic triglyceride levels, or insulin concentrations in male and female mice on a moderate high-fat diet.</p

A test of non-equilibrium thermodynamics in glassy systems: the soft-sphere case

The scaling properties of the soft-sphere potential allow the derivation of an exact expression for the pressure of a frozen liquid, i.e., the pressure corresponding to configurations which are local minima in its multidimensional potential energy landscape. The existence of such a relation offers the unique possibility for testing the recently proposed extension of the liquid free energy to glassy out-of-equilibrium conditions and the associated expression for the temperature of the configurational degrees of freedom. We demonstrate that the non-equilibrium free energy provides an exact description of the soft-sphere pressure in glass states

Dyonic Non-Abelian Black Holes

We study static spherically symmetric dyonic black holes in Einstein-Yang-Mills-Higgs theory. As for the magnetic non-abelian black holes, the domain of existence of the dyonic non-abelian black holes is limited with respect to the horizon radius and the dimensionless coupling constant $\alpha$, which is proportional to the ratio of vector meson mass and Planck mass. At a certain critical value of this coupling constant, $\hat \alpha$, the maximal horizon radius is attained. We derive analytically a relation between $\hat \alpha$ and the charge of the black hole solutions and confirm this relation numerically. Besides the fundamental dyonic non-abelian black holes, we study radially excited dyonic non-abelian black holes and globally regular gravitating dyons.Comment: LaTeX, 22 pages, 16 figures, three figures added, file manipulation error in previous replac

Hairy black holes in theories with massive gravitons

This is a brief survey of the known black hole solutions in the theories of ghost-free bigravity and massive gravity. Various black holes exist in these theories, in particular those supporting a massive graviton hair. However, it seems that solutions which could be astrophysically relevant are the same as in General Relativity, or very close to them. Therefore, the no-hair conjecture essentially applies, and so it would be hard to detect the graviton mass by observing black holes.Comment: References added. 20 pages, 3 figures, based on the talk given at the 7-th Aegean Summer School "Beyond Einstein's theory of gravity", September 201

Low-Energy Brane-World Effective Actions and Partial Supersymmetry Breaking

As part of a programme for the general study of the low-energy implications of supersymmetry breaking in brane-world scenarios, we study the nonlinear realization of supersymmetry which occurs when breaking N=2 to N=1 supergravity. We consider three explicit realizations of this supersymmetry breaking pattern, which correspond to breaking by one brane, by one antibrane or by two (or more) parallel branes. We derive the minimal field content, the effective action and supersymmetry transformation rules for the resulting N=1 theory perturbatively in powers of kappa = 1/M_{Planck}. We show that the way the massive gravitino and spin-1 fields assemble into N=1 multiplets implies the existence of direct brane-brane contact interactions at order O(kappa). This result is contrary to the O(kappa^2) predicted by the sequestering scenario but in agreement with recent work of Anisimov et al. Our low-energy approach is model independent and is a first step towards determining the low-energy implications of more realistic brane models which completely break all supersymmetries.Comment: Latex, 29 Page

Suppression of High-p_T Neutral Pion Production in Central Pb+Pb Collisions at sqrt{s_NN} = 17.3 GeV Relative to p+C and p+Pb Collisions

Neutral pion transverse momentum spectra were measured in p+C and p+Pb collisions at sqrt{s_NN} = 17.4 GeV at mid-rapidity 2.3 < eta_lab < 3.0 over the range 0.7< p_T < 3.5 GeV/c. The spectra are compared to pi0 spectra measured in Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt{s_NN} = 17.3 GeV in the same experiment. For a wide range of Pb+Pb centralities (N_part < 300) the yield of pi0's with p_T > 2 GeV/c is larger than or consistent with the p+C or p+Pb yields scaled with the number of nucleon-nucleon collisions (N_coll), while for central Pb+Pb collisions with N_part > 350 the pi0 yield is suppressed.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Search for DCC in 158A GeV Pb+Pb Collisions

A detailed analysis of the phase space distributions of charged particles and photons have been carried out using two independent methods. The results indicate the presence of nonstatistical fluctuations in localized regions of phase space.Comment: Talk at the PANIC99 Conference, June 9-16, 199