The artificial intelligence-based model ANORAK improves histopathological grading of lung adenocarcinoma

The introduction of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer grading system has furthered interest in histopathological grading for risk stratification in lung adenocarcinoma. Complex morphology and high intratumoral heterogeneity present challenges to pathologists, prompting the development of artificial intelligence (AI) methods. Here we developed ANORAK (pyrAmid pooliNg crOss stReam Attention networK), encoding multiresolution inputs with an attention mechanism, to delineate growth patterns from hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides. In 1,372 lung adenocarcinomas across four independent cohorts, AI-based grading was prognostic of disease-free survival, and further assisted pathologists by consistently improving prognostication in stage I tumors. Tumors with discrepant patterns between AI and pathologists had notably higher intratumoral heterogeneity. Furthermore, ANORAK facilitates the morphological and spatial assessment of the acinar pattern, capturing acinus variations with pattern transition. Collectively, our AI method enabled the precision quantification and morphology investigation of growth patterns, reflecting intratumoral histological transitions in lung adenocarcinoma

State of the world’s plants and fungi 2020

Kew’s State of the World’s Plants and Fungi project provides assessments of our current knowledge of the diversity of plants and fungi on Earth, the global threats that they face, and the policies to safeguard them. Produced in conjunction with an international scientific symposium, Kew’s State of the World’s Plants and Fungi sets an important international standard from which we can annually track trends in the global status of plant and fungal diversity

P A SEVERAL NOTIONS OF GENERALIZED SEMI-COMPACTNESS IN DOUBLE FUZZY TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to introduce the notions of several types of semicompactness in double fuzzy topological spaces known as generalized double fuzzy semicompactness, generalized double fuzzy nearly semi-compactness and generalized double fuzzy weakly semi-compactness. Some interesting properties and characterizations of the new concepts are introduced and studied

Normal values of hertel exophthalmometry in children, teenagers, and adults from Tehran, Iran

PURPOSE.: The aim of this study was to present normative values of exophthalmometry in Iranian children, teenagers, and adults and find the effect of age, gender, height, weight, and laterality (right vs. left eye) on normal values of protrusion. METHODS.: In a population-based epidemiological study, ocular protrusion values (mm) were measured in 1063 randomly selected (stratified sampling method) normal subjects using the Hertel exophthalmometer. Weight and height were measured in all subjects. RESULTS.: There were 462 (43.5) females and 601 (56.5) males. The age ranged from 6 to 70 years (mean ± SD = 20.3 ± 10.9). Subjects were divided into three age groups (years); children (range: 6 to 12, mean: 9.2 ± 1.6), teenagers (range: 13 to 19, mean: 15 ± 1.4), and adults (range: 20 to 70, mean: 31 ± 7.9). The mean (±SD) absolute ocular protrusion value was 14.2 ± 1.8 in children, 15.2 ± 1.9 for teenagers, and 14.7 ± 2.3 for adults. Right and left eye protrusions were well correlated (r = 0.97, p < 0.0005 in children and adults and r = 0.95, p < 0.0005 in teenagers). However, right eye protrusion was significantly more than on the left side (p < 0.0005). Although males had more eye protrusion, the gender difference was not significant except for teenagers. Weight and height did not have a significant effect on eye protrusion. No individual had more than 2 mm of asymmetry (relative eye protrusion). Increasing age had a significant effect on the eye protrusion (r = +0.32 for children, r = +0.13 for teenagers, and r = -0.30 for adults; 0.001 < p < 0.0005). The ocular protrusion was positively correlated with increasing distance between the two lateral orbital rims (base) in all age groups (p < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS.: Any eye protrusion of more than 17.8 mm for Iranian children, 19 mm for Iranian teenagers, and 19.3 mm for Iranian adults and relative eye protrusion of more than 2 mm warrants further clinical examination. Age and base value had a significant impact on normal eye protrusion values. © 2008 American Academy of Optometry