Prevalence Of Drug Use During Pregnancy: A Pharmacoepidemiological Approach

Introduction. Few Brazilian papers on the use of medication in pregnancy have been found in the indexed medical literature. This paper describes the use of medication during pregnancy among women who gave birth in a teaching maternity hospital in the city of Campinas, Brazil. Methods. A retrospective study on the pattern of drug use during pregnancy was conducted among 1,000 mothers who were interviewed using a structured questionnaire after delivery, while they were still in hospital. The following parameters were registered: sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric and contraceptive history, data on prenatal care and medications used during pregnancy. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and chi-square test at p = 0.05. Results. Among the interviewed patients, 94.6% had taken at least one medication during pregnancy, and 46.1% had used medication in the first trimester. Of 3,778 medications reported, 88.8% had been prescribed by a doctor. The median of medications taken was 3 (ranging from 0 to 18). The six most used classes of medications were: analgesics, spasmolytics, gynecological antiinfectious agents, antianemics, antacids and systemic antibiotics. The five most used medications were: butyl scopolamine, ferrous sulfate, dipirone, nistatin and multivitamin tablets. Only 27.7% of the patients had been alerted to the risk of taking medication during pregnancy. Conclusion. Knowing the profile of medications used during pregnancy may help devising programs to provide information to the patients and continuing education to health care professionals.362205212Barros, J.A.C., Propaganda de medicamentos: Atentado a saúde (1995), São Paulo: Hucitec/SobravimeBonassi, S., Magnani, M., Calvi, A., Repetto, E., Puglisi, P., Pantarotto, F., Factors related to drug consumption during pregnancy (1994) Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand, 73, pp. 535-540Bonati, M., Bortolus, R., Marchetti, F., Romero, M., Tognoni, G., Drug use in pregnancy: An overview of epidemiological (drug utilization) studies (1990) Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol, 38, pp. 325-328Briggs, G.G., Freeman, R.K., Yaffe, S.J., (1994) Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk, , 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & WilkinsClavijo, H.A., Baquero, J.A., Ulloa, S., Morales, A., Self-medication during pregnancy (1995) World Health Forum, 16, pp. 403-404Coelho, H.L., Teixeira, A.C., Cruz, M.deF., Gonzaga, S.L., Arrais, P.S., Luchini, L., Misoprostol: The experience of women in Fortaleza, Brazil (1994) Contraception, 49, pp. 101-110Medication during pregnancy: An intercontinental cooperative study (1992) Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet, 39, pp. 185-196. , Collaborative Group on Drug use in Pregnancy (CGDUP)De Jong-Van den Berg, L.T.W., Van den Berg, P.B., Haaijer-Ruskamp, F.M., Dukes, M.N.G., Wesseling, H., Investigating drug use in pregnancy: Methodological problems and perspectives (1991) Pharm. Weekbl. Sci, 13, pp. 32-38Dupuy, J.P., Karsenty, S., A invasão farmacêutica (1980), Rio de Janeiro: GraalGomes, K.R.O., Contribuição ao estudo do uso de medicamentos durante a gravidez (1994), [Dissertação de Mestrado]. São Paulo: Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USPHeikkilä, A.M., Erkkola, R.U., Nummi, S.E., Use of medication during pregnancy: A prospective cohort study on use and policy of prescribing (1994) Ann. Chirurg. Gynaecol, 83, pp. 80-83Hoffmann, A., Jäger, O., Peiker, G., Reimann, I., Drug use in pregnancy: East German data of an international collaborative study (1992) Int. J. Clin. Pharm Ther. Toxicol, 30, pp. 462-464International Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia Study. Risks of agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia. A first report of their relation to drug use with special reference to analgesics (1986) JAMA, 256, pp. 1749-1757Mitchell, A.A., Cottler, L.B., Shapiro, S., Effect of questionnaire design on recall of drug exposure in pregnancy (1986) Am. J. Epidemiol, 123, pp. 670-676Rubin, J.D., Ferencz, C., Loffredo, C., Use of prescription and non-prescription drugs in pregnancy (1993) J. Clin. Epidemiol, 46, pp. 581-589. , Baltimore-Washington Infant Study GroupSplinter, M.Y., Sagraves, R., Nightengale, B., Rayburn, W.F., Prenatal use of medications by women giving birth at a university hospital (1997) South Med. J, 90, pp. 498-50

Avaliação das propriedades físicas e mecânicas de blocos de solo-cimento formulados com coprodutos siderúrgicos

RESUMO Este trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar o desempenho de resistência mecânica e absorção de água de blocos solo-cimento para alvenaria, após 28 dias de cura, com a incorporação limite dos seguintes coprodutos siderúrgicos em substituição parcial ao solo: adições de até 20 % em massa do pó de balão coletado em alto-forno, até 10 % de poeiras de despoeiramento de aciaria elétrica, e até 20 % de escória granulada de forno elétrico a arco. As formulações propostas incluem adições simultâneas de pós obtidos do descarte da produção de blocos solo-cimento, onde a substituição parcial ao solo foi de até 20 % em massa. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a potencialidade de uso dos resíduos siderúrgicos em blocos intertravados de solo-cimento para alvenaria sustentável, como alternativa de aplicação para esses resíduos. Verificou-se a possibilidade de bons resultados confrontando os valores exigidos por norma (absorção de água < 20% e resistência mecânica > 2,0 MPa) com destaque quando se utilizou 20% pó de balão juntamente com 10% de reuso do bloco solo-cimento; 10% de escória de aciaria ou 20% de escória de aciaria juntamente com 10% de reuso do bloco solo-cimento; e 2,5% de pó de despoeiramento juntamente com 20% de reuso do bloco solo-cimento

Estufas climatizadas para experimentos ambientais com Rãs, em gaiolas

Foram construídas seis estufas climatizadas, instaladas inicialmente no Ranário Experimental da Universidade Federal de Viçosa e, posteriormente, no Ranário Experimental da Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, com o objetivo de realizar experimentos para avaliar os efeitos do ambiente sobre o desempenho de rãs em gaiolas de fibra de vidro. Ambientes com temperaturas de 25ºC e fotoperíodo de 12/12 horas de luz/horas de escuridão (h L/E) serviram para adaptação das rãs por 15 dias antes de cada experimento. Os tratamentos consistiram em simular ambientes com temperaturas variando de 20 a 35ºC e fotoperíodos de 8/16, 12/12 e 16/8 h L/E. Foram realizados experimentos com rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802) e rã-manteiga (Leptodactylus ocellatus Linnaeus, 1758). Nessas estufas foi possível estimar que: a) os maiores ganhos de peso de rã-touro foram obtidos entre 27,6 e 29,7oC, com melhor crescimento entre 28,2 e 30,1ºC; para rã-manteiga os melhores ganhos e conversão alimentar foram observados a 28,6 e 28ºC, respectivamente; b) a temperatura interage com fotoperíodo sobre o desempenho das rãs e seu desenvolvimento gonadal; c) a 27,7oC (temperatura de conforto térmico) haverá menos rãs dentro d’água; d) a maior temperatura cloacal de rã-touro, 32,1oC no seco e 33,8oC dentro d’água, a 35oC, evidenciou que as rãs se termorregulam; e) os níveis de tetraiodotironina (T4) no plasma decrescem na temperatura de conforto térmico; f) rã-manteiga condiciona-se ao manejo de rotina, reunindo-se ao redor do cocho na hora da alimentaçãoSix acclimatized incubators were initially installed in the Experimental Frog Farm of the Federal University of Viçosa and later in Experimental Frog Farm of the Federal University of Rio Grande, with the objective of accomplishing experiments to evaluate the effects of the environment on frogs performance in cages of fiber glass. Environments with temperatures of 25ºC and photoperiod of 12/12 hours of light/hours of darkness (h L/D) were available to frogs adaptation during 15 days before each experiment. The treatments consisted to simulate environments with temperatures varying from 20 to 35ºC and photoperiods of 8/16, 12/12 and 16/8 h L/D. They were accomplished experiments with bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802) and with butterfrog (Leptodactylus ocellatus Linnaeus, 1758). In these incubators it was possible to estimate that: a) the highest weight gain of bullfrog was obtained between 27.6 and 29.7ºC, with better growth between 28.2 and 30.1ºC; for butterfrog the best gain and alimentary conversion were verified at 28.6 and 28ºC, respectively; b) temperature interact with photoperiod affecting the frogs performance and gonadal development; c) at 27.7ºC (temperature of thermal comfort) there will be less frogs inside of water; d) the highest cloacal temperature: 32.1ºC, in the dry part, and 33.8ºC, inside of water, at 35ºC, evidenced the bullfrog thermoregulation; e) the tetraiodotironine (T4) level in the plasm decreases in the temperature of thermal comfort; f) butterfrog was conditioned to the routine handling, coming around feeder at eater tim