Elevated serum Homocysteine levels a possible non-invasive diagnostic biomarker in patients with Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Lack of independent biomarkers is very much evident in NAFLD. Early detection of NAFLD is difficult due to the absence of specific diagnostic and prognostic markers and clinical symptoms. We retrospectively collected the information of patients hospitalised with NAFLD diagnosis and metabolic syndrome during 2019-2020 using the tertiary care hospital inpatient sample database and evaluated the changes in their serum homocysteine levels. We found that 59.063% of NAFLD in the male population and 41.667% of NAFLD in the female population had increased serum homocysteine. This shows that elevated serum homocysteine can act as a potential biomarker for NAFLD

Space and open innovation: potential, limitations and conditions of success

The classical model of innovation behind closed doors is slowly but surely being challenged by the Open Innovation model that is reshaping the way organizations bring new products and services into the market. This paper reports on the results of an International Space University (ISU) Team Project (TP) focused on the potential, limitations and conditions of success of Open Innovation in the space sector using ISU׳s international, interdisciplinary, intercultural (3Is) approach. Open Innovation can be defined as “the process of strategically managing the sharing of ideas and resources among entities to co-create value”. Conventional approaches to technology development for space, such as spin-offs or spin-ins, are no longer sufficient to fully describe the interactions between organizations in today׳s Research and Development (R&D) landscape. Traditionally, conducting space technology development and launching space missions required massive infrastructure investments, long lead times and large teams of experts. However, internal R&D, dedicated marketing departments and closely guarded intellectual property are no longer the only way to achieve success. Smaller, nimbler teams, significant use of crowdfunding, a more aggressive approach to managing risk and a great motivation to leverage intellectual property are just some of their defining characteristics. By using a case study methodology focused on asteroid mining supported by a critical literature review, the project team highlighted the potential of Open Innovation in space by identifying its most promising applications as well as its limitations