21 research outputs found
ENERGY EXPENDITURE DURING RUNNING CALCULATED FROM CINEMATOGRAPHIC DATA
This paper outlines a method of measuring energy expenditure and presents experimental results in horizontal running. Unlike research and experiments in the past decade whereby the energy expenditure was calculated based on oxygen intake and with athletes directly connected to equipment in the laboratory (e.g. Howley, E.T. and Glover, M.E. (1974); Morgan, D.W. eta1 (1989), measurement can now be undertaken independent of such a procedure. Our method involves filming and computer processing combined with anthropometric data. It is similar to the method of Aleshinsky's (1986), with the difference that we use the full 3D approach instead of being restricted to a planar motion. First we obtain cinematographic data (coordinates) of 18 landmarks of the human body by using 3 video cameras (50 Hz PAL system) and a Peak Performance system. A conversion software is used to translate these coordinates into Euler angles and base coordinates. It also calculates for each parameter a spline of the 5th order which serves as input for the next step. With the help of the commercial software SDS of Solid Dynamics, France, we animated a mathematical model (Hanavan model with segments based on anthropometric data of the athlete) according to movements in the film. Eight male sports students were filmed individually running at a speed of 4 to 5mls. In addition, four ran at a speed of 8 to 9mls. In each run a complete stride-circle was analyzed. Results of our calculations agreed with those given by the researchers who used the energy expenditure values reported by researchers who used the oxygen-intake method. At the lower speed, power per kg body mass was equal to 13.6 W/kg(v=4 m/s) and 17.0 W/kg(v=5 m/s), whereas the oxygen-intake method (corrected for oxygen consumption when standing quietly) yielded results of 14.7 and 18.5 W/kg. In addition, we were able to measure that the higher speed and the results revealed a dramatic increase of the power from 28 to 43 W/kg. In conclusion our method not only opens up the possibility of on-the-spot measurements for general motion (no restriction to aerobic movements), but that energy expenditure can be given as a function of time
Observation of the Ankle and Evidence for a High-Energy Break in the Cosmic Ray Spectrum
We have measured the cosmic ray spectrum at energies above eV using
the two air fluorescence detectors of the High Resolution Fly's Eye experiment
operating in monocular mode. We describe the detector, PMT and atmospheric
calibrations, and the analysis techniques for the two detectors. We fit the
spectrum to models describing galactic and extragalactic sources. Our measured
spectrum gives an observation of a feature known as the ``ankle'' near eV, and strong evidence for a suppression near eV.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures. To appear in Physics Letters B. Accepted versio
Study of the B^0 Semileptonic Decay Spectrum at the Upsilon(4S) Resonance
We have made a first measurement of the lepton momentum spectrum in a sample
of events enriched in neutral B's through a partial reconstruction of B0 -->
D*- l+ nu. This spectrum, measured with 2.38 fb**-1 of data collected at the
Upsilon(4S) resonance by the CLEO II detector, is compared directly to the
inclusive lepton spectrum from all Upsilon(4S) events in the same data set.
These two spectra are consistent with having the same shape above 1.5 GeV/c.
From the two spectra and two other CLEO measurements, we obtain the B0 and B+
semileptonic branching fractions, b0 and b+, their ratio, and the production
ratio f+-/f00 of B+ and B0 pairs at the Upsilon(4S). We report b+/b0=0.950
(+0.117-0.080) +- 0.091, b0 = (10.78 +- 0.60 +- 0.69)%, and b+ = (10.25 +- 0.57
+- 0.65)%. b+/b0 is equivalent to the ratio of charged to neutral B lifetimes,
tau+/tau0.Comment: 14 page, postscript file also available at
http://w4.lns.cornell.edu/public/CLN
Measurement of the Mass Splittings between the States
We present new measurements of photon energies and branching fractions for
the radiative transitions: Upsilon(2S)->gamma+chi_b(J=0,1,2). The masses of the
chi_b states are determined from the measured radiative photon energies. The
ratio of mass splittings between the chi_b substates,
r==(M[J=2]-M[J=1])/(M[J=1]-M[J=0]) with M the chi_b mass, provides information
on the nature of the bbbar confining potential. We find
r(1P)=0.54+/-0.02+/-0.02. This value is in conflict with the previous world
average, but more consistent with the theoretical expectation that r(1P)<r(2P);
i.e., that this mass splittings ratio is smaller for the chi_b(1P) triplet than
for the chi_b(2P) triplet.Comment: 11 page postscript file, postscript file also available through
http://w4.lns.cornell.edu/public/CLN
Radiative Decay Modes of the Meson
Using data recorded by the CLEO-II detector at CESR we have searched for four
radiative decay modes of the meson: ,
, , and . We
obtain 90% CL upper limits on the branching ratios of these modes of , , and
respectively.Comment: 15 page postscript file, postscript file also available through
http://w4.lns.cornell.edu/public/CLN
A Likelihood Method for Measuring the Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Composition
Air fluorescence detectors traditionally determine the dominant chemical
composit ion of the ultrahigh energy cosmic ray flux by comparing the averaged
slant depth of the shower maximum, , as a function of energy to the
slant depths expect ed for various hypothesized primaries. In this paper, we
present a method to make a direct measurement of the expected mean number of
protons and iron by comparing the shap es of the expected
distributions to the distribution for data. The advantages of this method
includes the use of information of the full distribution and its ability to
calculate a flux for various cosmic ray compositi ons. The same method can be
expanded to marginalize uncertainties due to choice of spectra, hadronic models
and atmospheric parameters. We demonstrate the technique with independent
simulated data samples from a parent sample of protons and iron. We accurately
predict the number of protons and iron in the parent sample and show that the
uncertainties are meaningful.Comment: 11 figures, 22 pages, accepted by Astroparticle Physic
Alternative Methods to Finding Patterns in HiRes Stereo Data
In this paper Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays UHECRs data observed by the HiRes
fluorescence detector in stereo mode is analyzed to search for events in the
sky with an arrival direction lying on a great circle. Such structure is known
as the arc structure. The arc structure is expected when the charged cosmic
rays pass through the galactic magnetic field. The arcs searched for could
represent a broad or a small scale anisotropy depending on the proposed source
model for the UHECRs. The Arcs in this paper are looked for using Hough
transform were Hough transform is a technique used to looking for patterns in
images. No statistically significant arcs were found in this study
Studies of the Cabbibo-Suppressed Decays and
Using 4.8 fb of data taken with the CLEO II detector, the branching
fraction for the Cabibbo-suppressed decay measured
relative to the Cabibbo favored decay is found to be
. Using and from unitarity
constraints, we determine We
also present a 90% confidence level upper limit for the branching ratio of the
decay relative to that for of
1.5.Comment: 10 page postscript file, postscript file also available through
http://w4.lns.cornell.edu/public/CLN
Preferential suppression of Anopheles gambiae host sequences allows detection of the mosquito eukaryotic microbiome
International audienceAnopheles mosquitoes are vectors of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The vector microbiota is a likely factor influencing parasite transmission. The prokaryotic microbiota of mosquitoes is efficiently surveyed by sequencing of hypervariable regions of the 16s ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. However, identification of the eukaryotic microbiota by targeting the 18s rRNA gene is challenging due to simultaneous amplification of the abundant 18s rRNA gene target in the mosquito host. Consequently, the eukaryotic microbial diversity of mosquitoes is vastly underexplored. An efficient methodology is needed to identify this component of the microbiota, expected to include relatives of Plasmodium. Here, we use defined panels of Anopheles samples from West Africa to test two experimental PCR clamp approaches to maximize the specific amplification of 18s rRNA gene hypervariable regions from eukaryotic microbes: Anneal-inhibiting blocking primers and peptide-nucleic acid (PNA) oligonucleotide blockers. Of the two, PNA blockers were the only efficient blocking strategy, allowing a reduction of mosquito 18s rRNA gene sequences by more than 80% for the V4 hypervariable region. These PNA blockers will facilitate taxonomic profiling of the eukaryotic microbiota of the A. gambiae species complex, and contribute to a better understanding of microbial influence upon immunity and pathogen infection