A DISTRIBUTED RESOURCE-MANAGEMENT APPROACH IN MANETS

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure less network, in where all mobile nodes are free for any movement to any side. Thus the network is going toward zero configurations that would create some problems. Ad hoc network is faced with various limitations that need to be considered among design and implementation of any protocol for it. Service Advertisement (SA) is one of the important services that are offered in each network. To have a fast service discovery in a network with minimum energy consumption, distributing of services’ information and their management play important roles. In this paper for avoiding packet flooding in the MANET we used Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP). For reducing amount of communication messages we moved service advertisement from application layer to routing layer. Thus we distribute the active services in the network among clustered nodes. However, the results of our experiment show that our method does not add any extra overhead to the network

Evaluation of quality of drinking water from Baghdad, Iraq

This is a joint work between the Italian Red Cross and the Environmental Laboratories, Baghdad. The drinking water (DW) samples from 16 residential districts in Baghdad were chemically evaluated with reference to the raw water samples and water directly taken from the purification plants. In addition to the routinely measured parameters, 17 metals and 11 trihalomathane (THM) were measured. Generally, the samples of water analysed can be considered of good quality. The relatively high sulphate and aluminium contents results from the use of aluminium sulphate as flocculent. The ammonia and Nitrite concentrations were lower than the detectable limit, because ammonia is converted into chloramines and nitrite is converted into Nitrate during chlorination. This indicates no sewage contamination of the drinking water. The high chloride contents can be referred to the use of partially degraded hypo for the disinfection. The presence of THM's in the samples analysed is indicative of good disinfection process. The presence of these compounds is preferred better than bacterial contamination. The relatively high levels of zinc and iron have no impact on the quality of DW. Iron, however, was efficiently removed during the treatment, together with Manganese. Reference was done to the EU specification of drinking water regarding total hardness, chloride contents, sulphate, iron and THM's. As for the iron content, the original pH of the river water (7.5 and 8.0) ensures that Iron should not be present in soluble form at a detectable level. Corrosion of the pipes could be one of the reasons for the presence of iron. Key Words: Drinking water quality, heavy metals, sulphate, Aluminium, Trihalomethans, hardness