Synovial fluid analysis of MMP-2, MMP-9, and COX-2 as diagnostic markers for naturally occurring septic and aseptic arthritis in horses

The aim of this study was to explore the diagnostic value of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes in the synovial fluid of horses with different forms of arthritis. Thirty-two horses were involved in this study and based on the clinical, radiographic, and synovial fluid examinations, the horses were divided into three groups: control (group I; n = 12), septic arthritis (group II; n = 5), and aseptic arthritis (group III; n = 15). After routine analysis, synovial fluid was used for assessment of MMP-2 and MMP–9 activities by gelatin zymography, and COX-2 relative gene expression by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Synovial fluid gelatin zymography showed significant gelatinolytic activity for MMP-9 in group II. COX-2 exhibited a 50-fold expression in group II and a 4.5-fold expression in group III compared to group I. In conclusion, the results confirm that MMP-9 and COX-2 detection offers an important diagnostic potential for septic and aseptic arthritis in horses

Genetic diversity and phylodynamics of avian coronaviruses in Egyptian wild birds

Avian coronaviruses (ACoVs) are continuously evolving and causing serious economic consequences in the poultry industry and around the globe. Owing to their extensive genetic diversity and high mutation rates, controlling ACoVs has become a challenge. In this context, the potential contribution of wild birds in the disease dynamics, especially in domesticated birds, remains largely unknown. In the present study, five hundred fifty-seven (n = 557) cloacal/fecal swabs were collected from four different wild bird species from eight Egyptian governorates during 2016 and a total of fourteen positive isolates were used for phylodynamics and evolutionary analysis. Genetic relatedness based on spike (S1) gene demonstrated the clustering of majority of these isolates where nine isolates grouped within Egy/variant 2 (IS/885 genotype) and five isolates clustered within Egy/variant 1 (IS/1494/06 genotype). Interestingly, these isolates showed noticeable genetic diversity and were clustered distal to the previously characterized Egy/variant 1 and Egy/variant 2 in Egyptian commercial poultry. The S1 gene based comparison of nucleotide identity percentages revealed that all fourteen isolates reported in this study were genetically related to the variant GI-23 lineage with 92–100% identity. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ACoVs are circulating in Egyptian wild birds and highlight their possible contributions in the disease dynamics. The study also proposes that regular monitoring of the ACoVs in wild birds is required to effectively assess the role of wild birds in disease spread, and the emergence of ACoVs strains in the country. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland