Descripción de tres protocolos anestésicos fijos en cerdas sometidas a trasferencia embrionaria quirúrgica

La utilización del cerdo como modelo en investigación biomédica ha dado lugar a múltiples descripciones de protocolos anestésicos. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto socializar las dosis y drogas utilizadas en tres protocolos. Las tres cerdas anestesiadas, una por protocolo, son parte de la puesta a punto de la técnica de transferencia embrionaria quirúrgica. Protocolo 1: Medicación preanestésica: ketamina 15 mg/kg vía intramuscular, xilacina 3 mg/kg intramuscular. Inducción: midazolam 0,15 mg/kg vía EV. Mantenimiento: xilacina 0,6 mg/kg EV, y ketamina 3 mg/kg EV + dos refuerzos de ketamina 2 mg/kg EV. Protocolo 2: Medicación preanestésica: ketamina 15 mg/kg vía intramuscular, xilacina 3 mg/kg intramuscular. Inducción: midazolam 0,14 mg/kg vía endovenosa. Mantenimiento por vía endovenosa: Ketamina 1,5 mg/kg, Xilacina 0,6 mg/kg, Ketamina 2 mg/kg. Protocolo 3: Medicación preanestésica: ketamina 15 mg/kg vía intramuscular, xilacina 3 mg/kg intramuscular. Inducción: ketamina 5 mg/kg vía endovenosa. Mantenimiento por vía endovenosa: Xilacina 0,6 mg/kg, Ketamina 3 mg/kg, Ketamina 2 mg/kg, Ketamina 2 mg/kg. El planteo farmacológico del protocolo 3 requirió mayor frecuencia y dosis de drogas utilizada

Long-Term Changes in the Water Mass Properties in the Balearic Channels Over the Period 1996–2019

The analysis of a 24-year time series of Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) casts collected in the Balearic Channels (1996–2019) has allowed detecting and quantifying long-term changes in water mass properties in the Western Mediterranean. For the complete period, the intermediate waters have experienced warming and salting at rates of 1.4°C/100yr and 0.3–0.6/100yr for the Western Intermediate Water, and 1°C/100yr and 0.3–0.4/100yr for the Levantine Intermediate Water. The density of these two water masses has not changed. The deep waters, defined as those denser than 29.1 kg/m3, showed positive trends in temperature, salinity, and density (0.8°C/100yr, 0.2/100yr, and 0.02 kg.m–3/100yr, respectively). The high temporal variability of the upper layer makes the detection of long-term changes more difficult. Nevertheless, combining CTD data with temperature data from the oceanographic station at L’Estartit and simulated data from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, it can be established that the Atlantic Water increased its temperature at a rate of 2.1–2.8°C/100yr and likely its salinity at a rate of 0.6/100yr. The water column absorbed heat at a rate equivalent to 1–1.2 W/m2. All these trends are much higher than those reported in previous works (more than double in some cases). The warming of the water column produced an increase in the thermosteric component of sea level. However, this increase was compensated by the decrease in the halosteric component. Besides these changes, other alterations related to the Western Mediterranean Transition have been observed over shorter periods. The temperature and salinity of the intermediate waters increased before the winter of 2004/2005 and then the temperature and salinity of the deep waters increased dramatically in 2005. The density of the deep water reached values unprecedented before 2005. Deep and intermediate waters were uplifted by the presence of such dense deep waters. The arrival of warmer and saltier intermediate waters from the Eastern Mediterranean is also observed, mainly after 2010.Postprin

IEOOS: the Spanish Institute of Oceanography Observing System

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Defective formation of IgA memory B cells, Th1 and Th17 cells in symptomatic patients with selective IgA deficiency

Objective: Selective IgA deficiency (sIgAD) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in Western countries. Patients can suffer from recurrent infections and autoimmune diseases because of a largely unknown aetiology. To increase insights into the pathophysiology of the disease, we studied memory B and T cells and cytokine concentrations in peripheral blood. Methods: We analysed 30 sIgAD patients (12 children, 18 adults) through detailed phenotyping of peripheral B-cell, CD8+ T-cell and CD4+ T-cell subsets, sequence analysis of IGA and IGG transcripts, in vitro B-cell activation and blood cytokine measurements. Results: All patients had significantly decreased numbers of T-cell-dependent (TD; CD27+) and T-cell-independent (TI; CD27−) IgA memory B cells and increased CD21low B-cell numbers. IgM+IgD− memory B cells were decreased in children and normal in adult patients. IGA and IGG transcripts contained normal SHM levels. In sIgAD children, IGA transcripts more frequently used IGA2 than controls (58.5% vs. 25.1%), but not in adult patients. B-cell activation after in vitro stimulation was normal. However, adult sIgAD patients exhibited increased blood levels of TGF-β1, BAFF and APRIL, whereas they had decreased Th1 and Th17 cell numbers. Conclusion: Impaired IgA memory formation in sIgAD patients is not due to a B-cell activation defect. Instead, decreased Th1 and Th17 cell numbers and high blood levels of BAFF, APRIL and TGF-β1 might reflect disturbed regulation of IgA responses in vivo. These insights into B-cell extrinsic immune defects suggest the need for a broader immunological focus on genomics and functional analyses to unravel the pathogenesis of sIgAD