Common Mental Disorders And The Use Of Psychoactive Drugs: The Impact Of Socioeconomic Conditions

Objective: To evaluate the infl uence of socioeconomic conditions on the association between common mental disorders and the use of health services and psychoactive drugs. Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Botucatu, Southeastern Brazil. The sample was probabilistic, stratifi ed and cluster-based. Interviews with 1,023 subjects aged 15 years or over were held in their homes between 2001 and 2002. Common mental disorders were evaluated using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). The use of services was investigated in relation to the fortnight preceding the interview and the use of psychotropic drugs, over the preceding three days. Logistic regression was used for multivariable analysis, and the design effect was taken into consideration. Results: Out of the whole sample, 13.4% (95% CI: 10.7;16.0) had sought health services over the fortnight preceding the interview. Seeking health services was associated with female gender (OR=2.0) and the presence of common mental disorders (OR=2.2). 13.3% of the sample (95% CI: 9.2;17.5) said they had used at least one psychotropic drug, especially antidepressives (5.0%) and benzodiazepines (3.1%). In the multivariable analysis, female gender and the presence of common mental disorders remained associated with the use of benzodiazepines. Per capita income presented a direct and independent association with the use of psychoactive drugs: the greater the income, the greater the use of these drugs was. Conclusions: Lower income was associated with the presence of common mental disorders, but not with the use of psychotropic drugs. The association of common mental disorders and the use of psychotropic drugs in relation to higher income strengthens the hypothesis that inequality of access to medical services exists among this population.424717723Ballester, D.A., Filipon, A.P., Braga, C., Andreoli, S.B., The general practitioner and mental health problems: Challenges and strategies for medical education (2005) Sao Paulo Med J, 123 (2), pp. 72-76. , doi:10.1590/ S1516-31802005000200008Beck, C.A., Williams, J.V., Wang, J.L., Kassam, A., El-Guebaly, N., Currie, S.R., Psychotropic medication use in Canada (2005) Can J Psychiatry, 50 (10), pp. 605-613Galduroz, J.C., Noto, A.R., Nappo, S.A., Carlini, E.L., First household survey on drug abuse in São Paulo, Brazil, 1999: Principal findings (2003) Sao Paulo Med J, 121 (6), pp. 231-237. , doi:10.1590/S1516-31802003000600003Harding, T.W., Arango, M.V., Baltazar, J., Climent, C.E., Ibrahim, H.H., Ladrido-Ignacio, L., Mental disorders in primary health care: A study of their frequency and diagnosis in four developing countries (1980) Psychol Med, 10 (2), pp. 231-241Hart, J.T., The inverse care law (1971) Lancet, 1 (7696), pp. 405-412Hennekens, C.H., Buring, J.E., (1987) Epidemiology in Medicine, , Boston: Little, Brown and Company;Hosmer, D.W., Lemeshow, S., (1989) Applied Logistic Regression, , New York: John Wiley & Sons;Iacoponi, E., Detecção de distúrbios emocionais pelo médico: Impacto do tipo de trabalho médico e do conceito sobre doenças mentais. (1997) Rev Cienc Med PUCCAMP, 6, pp. 41-45Lima, M.S., Hotopf, M., Mari, J.J., Béria, J.U., De Bastos, A.B., Mann, A., Psychiatric disorder and the use of Benzodiazepines: An example of the inverse care law from Brazil (1999) Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 34 (6), pp. 316-322Maragno, L., Goldbaum, M., Gianini, R.J., Novaes, H.M.D., Cesar, C.L., Prevalência de Transtorno mental comum em populacões atendidas pelo Programa Saúda da família (QUALIS) no município de Sao Paulo, Brasil. (2006) Cad Saude Publica, 22 (8), pp. 1639-1648. , doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2006000800012Mari, J.J., Williams, P., A validity study of a Psychiatric Screening Questionnaire (SRQ-20) in Primary care in the city of São Paulo (1986) Br J Psychiatry, 148, pp. 23-26Mari, J.J., Almeida-Filho, N., Coutinho, E., Andreoli, S.B., Miranda, C.T., Streiner, D., The epidemiology of psychotropic use in the city of São Paulo (1993) Psychol Med, 23 (2), pp. 467-474Marín-Lŕon, L., Oliveira, H.B., Barros, M.B., Dalgalarrondo, P., Botega, N.J., Social inequality and common mental disorders (2007) Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 29 (3), pp. 250-253Mendoza-Sassi, R., Béria, J.U., Barros, A.J., Outpatient health service utilization and associated factors: A population-based study (2003) Rev Saude Publica, 37 (3), pp. 372-378Moncrieff, J., Psychiatric drug promotion and the politics of neo-liberalism (2006) Br J Psychiatry, 188, pp. 301-302Patel, V., Araya, R., Lima, M., Ludermir, A., Todd, C., Women, poverty and common mental disorders in four restructuring societies (1999) Soc Sci Med, 49 (11), pp. 1461-1471Rodrigues, M.A., Facchini, L.A., Lima, M.S., Modificações nos padrões de consumo de psicofármacos em localidade do Sul do Brasil. (2006) Rev Saude Publica, 40 (1), pp. 107-114. , doi:10.1590/ S0034-89102006000100017(2000) Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodoly Guidelines for ATC classification and DDD assignment, , World Health Organization, 3. ed. Oslo;Zandstra, S.M., Furer, J.W., van de Lisdonk, E.H., van't Hof, M., Bor, J.H.J., van Well, C., Different study criteria affect the prevalence of benzodiapine use (2002) Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 37 (3), pp. 139-14

Curvatura Da Superfície E Seu Efeito Na Variabilidade Espacial Dos Atributos Do Solo, Pinheiral - Rj/br

Understanding the spatial variability of soil chemical and physical attributes is important for improving management practices and soil conservation. In turn, the spatial variability of soil properties results from variation in morphological relief characteristics. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of landform curvature on the spatial variability of soil chemical and physical attributes in the Mar de Morros region (Pinheiral-Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil). Two adjacent landforms were selected with convex and concave curvature and sampled in a regularly spaced grid of 10 meters. A total of 56 soil samples (0-5 cm depth) from the two landforms were collected and analyzed for physical and chemical attributes. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and geostatistics. All chemical attributes showed random patterns of spatial variability in both landforms. The concave landform had higher values of pH and potassium and lower values of aluminum than the convex landform. In contrast, silt content showed spatial dependence in both the concave and convex landforms. Bulk density and clay showed spatial dependence in the convex landform. Bulk density and silt content increased from the shoulder to the footslope of both landforms. The results show that, for this study area, landform curvature has more influence on the spatial dependence of soil physical attributes than of soil chemical properties. © 2016, Federal University of Lavras. All rights reserved.22443143

Control tunning approach and digital filter application for competitive line follower robot

This research describes the development of a control strategy to optimize a competitive line follower robot for standard races. The innovative approach stems from the WolfBotz team at CEFET/RJ, presenting a thorough exploration of mathematical foundations, hardware design, control analysis, and how to implement this system in a microcontroller. This research complements a previous work that shows all the regulations used in Brazilian competitions and describes the controllers used in the system, such as angular and linear control. This research emphasizes all the changes between the two versions of Line Follower robots. The emphasis on mathematical foundations and integrating digital signal processing techniques like digital filters set the stage for robust sensor data interpretation. The tuning and optimization of dual controllers for track stability and linear velocity regulation represent a significant innovation, augmenting the robot’s overall performance.The authors would like to thank CEFET/RJ and the Brazilian research agencies CAPES, CNPq, and FAPERJ for supporting this work. Besides, the authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) to CeDRI (UIDB/05757/2020 and UIDP/05757/2020) and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2021).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Social Inequalities In Health Among The Elderly [desigualdades Sociais Em Saúde Entre Idosos]

The aim of the present study was to assess social inequalities in health status, health behavior and the use of health services based on education level. A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out involving 1,518 elderly residents of Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. Significant demographic and social differences were found between schooling strata. Elderly individuals with a higher degree of schooling are in greater proportion alcohol drinkers, physically active, have healthier diets and a lower prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dizziness, headaches, back pain, visual impairment and denture use, and better self-rated health. But, there were no differences in the use of health services in the previous two weeks, in hospitalizations or surgeries in the previous year, nor in medicine intake over the previous three days. Among elderly people with hypertension and diabetes, there were no differences in the regular use of health services and medication. The results demonstrate social inequalities in different health indicators, along with equity in access to some health service components.27SUPPL.2198208Braveman, P.A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Williams, D.R., Pamuk, E., Socioeconomic disparities in health in the United States: What the patterns tell us (2010) Am J Public Health, 100 (SUPPL. 1), pp. S186-S196Silva, J.B., Barros, M.B.A., Epidemiologia e desigualda-de: Notas sobre a teoria e a história (2002) Rev Panam Salud Pública, 12, pp. 375-383Equitity in health and health care: A WHO/SIDA initiative (1996) Geneva: World Health Organization, , World Health Organization(2008) As Causas Sociais Das Iniqüidades Em Saúde No Brasil/CNDSS, , Comissão Nacional dos Determinantes Sociais em Saúde, Rio de Janeiro: Editora FiocruzMarmot, M., WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the health gap in a generation: The work of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health and its recommendations (2009) Glob Health Promot, (SUPPL. 1), pp. 23-27Gwatkin, D.R., Health inequalities and the health of the poor: What can we do? (2000) Bull World Health Organ, 78, pp. 3-18Liberatos, P., Link, B.G., Kelsey, J.L., The measurement of social class in epidemiology (1988) Epidemiol Rev, 10, pp. 87-120Muntaner, C., Borrel, C., Benach, J., Pasarín, M.I., Fe-Randes, E., The association of social class and social stratification with patterns of general and mental health in a Spanish population (2003) Int J Epidemiol, 32, pp. 950-958Wilkinson, R.G., Income distribution and life expectancy (1992) BMJ, 304, pp. 165-168Espelt, A., Borrell, C., Rodríguez-Sanz, M., Muntaner, C., Pasarín, M.I., Benach, J., Inequalities in health by social class dimensions in European countries of different political traditions (2008) Int J Epidemiol, 37, pp. 1095-1105Robert, S., House, J., SES differentials in health by age and alternative indicators of SES (1996) J Aging Health, 8, pp. 359-388Crimmins, E.M., Kim, J.K., Seeman, T.E., Poverty and biological risk: The earlier "aging" of the poor (2009) J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci, 64, pp. 286-292Adams, J.M., White, M., Biological ageing: A fundamental, biological link between socioeconomic status and health? (2004) Eur J Public Health, 14, pp. 331-334Huisman, M., Kunst, A.E., Mackenbach, J.P., Socioeco-nomic inequalities in morbidity among the elderly: A European overview (2003) Soc Sci Med, 57, pp. 861-873Kaplan, M.S., Huguet, N., Feeny, D.H., McFarland, B.H., Self-reported hypertension prevalence and income among older adults in Canada and the United States (2010) Soc Sci Med, 70, pp. 844-849Fang, R., Kmetic, A., Millar, J., Drasic, L., Disparities in chronic disease among Canada's low-income populations (2009) Prev Chronic Dis, 6, pp. A115Barros, M.B.A., César, C.L.G., Carandina, L., Goldbaum, M., (2008) As Dimensões Da Saúde: Inquérito Populacio-nal Em Campinas, S P, , São Paulo: Editora HucitecBarbor, T.E., la Fuente, J.R., Saunders, J., Grant, M., (1992) AUDIT-The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines For Use In Primary Health Care, , Geneva: World Health OrganizationCervi, A., Franceschni, S.C.C., Priore, S.E., Análise crítica do uso do índice de massa corporal para idosos (2005) Rev Nutr, 18, pp. 765-775Mari, J.J., Williams, P., A validity study of a psychiatric screening questionnaire (SRQ-20) in primary care in the city of Sao Paulo (1986) Br J Psychiatry, 148, pp. 23-26Mackenbach, J.P., Stirbu, I., Roskam, A.J., Schaap, M.M., Menvielle, G., Leinsalu, M., Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries (2008) N Engl J Med, 358, pp. 2468-2481(2004) Bra-sil, 15 Capitais E Distrito Federal, 2002-2003, , Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Inquérito domiciliar sobre comportamentos de risco e morbidade refe-rida de doenças e agravos não transmissíveis, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional de Câncer(2008) Vigilância De Fatores De Risco E Proteção Para Doenças Crônicas Por Inquérito Telefônico. Brasí-lia, , Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde/Secretaria de Gestão Estratégica e Participativa. VIGITEL Brasil 2007, Ministério da Saúde, Série G. Estatísticas e Informação em Saúde)Mendoza-Sassi, R.A., Beria, J.U., Prevalence of alcohol use disorders and associated factors: A population-based study using AUDIT in southern Brazil (2003) Addiction, 98, pp. 799-804Barros, M.B.A., Botega, N., Dalgalarrondo, P., Marin-Le-on, L., Oliveira, H.B., Prevalence of alcohol abuse and associated factors in a population-based study (2007) Rev Saúde Pública, 41, pp. 502-509Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Steptoe, A., Health-related behaviors in older adults relationships with socio-economic status (2010) Am J Prev Med, 38, pp. 39-46Florindo, A.A., Hallal, P.C., Moura, E.C., Malta, D.C., Practice of physical activities and associated factors in adults, Brazil (2006) Rev Saúde Pública 200943 Suppl, 2, pp. S65-S73Azevedo-e-Silva, G., Valente, J.G., Almeida, L.M., Moura, E.C., Malta, D.C., Tobacco smoking and level of education in Brazil (2006) Rev Saúde Pública, 43 (2 SUPPL.), pp. S48-S56Peixoto, S.V., Firmo, J.O., Lima-Costa, M.F., Factors associated to smoking habit among older adults (The Bambuí Health and Aging Study) (2005) Rev Saúde Públi-ca, 39, pp. 746-753Jaime, P.C., Figueiredo, I.C., Moura, E.C., Malta, D.C., Factors associated with fruit and vegetable consumption in Brazil (2006) Rev Saúde Pública 200943 Suppl, 2, pp. S57-S64Salehi, L., Eftekhar, H., Mohammad, K., Tavafian, S.S., Jazayery, A., Montazeri, A., Consumption of fruit and vegetables among elderly people: A cross sectional study from Iran (2010) Nutr J, 13, p. 2Stringhini, S., Sabia, S., Shipley, M., Brunner, E., Nabi, H., Kivimaki, M., Association of socioeconom-ic position with health behaviors and mortality (2010) JAMA, 303, pp. 1159-1166Barros, M.B.A., Cesar, C.L.G., Carandina, L., Torre, G.D., Desigualdades sociais na prevalência de doenças crônicas no Brasil, PNAD-2003 (2006) Ciênc Saúde Cole-tiva, 11, pp. 911-926Machado, G.P.M., Barreto, S.M., Passos, V.M.A., Lima-Costa, M.F., Projeto Bambuí: Prevalência de sin-tomas articulares crônicos em idosos (2004) Rev Assoc Med Bras, 50, pp. 367-372Barreto, S.M., Figueiredo, R.C., Doença crônica, au-to-avaliação de saúde e comportamento de risco: Diferença de gênero (2009) Rev Saúde Pública, 43 (SUPPL. 2), pp. 38-47Lethbridge-Cejku, M., Schiller, J.S., Bernadel, L., Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2002 (2004) Vital Health Stat, 10 (222), pp. 1-151Frazão, P., Costa, C.M., Almeida, M.F., Risks associated with tendinitis: Effects from demographic, socio-economic, and psychological status among Brazilian workers (2010) Am J Ind Med, 53, pp. 72-79Ryskulova, A., Turczyn, K., Makuc, D.M., Cotch, M.F., Klein, R.J., Janiszewski, R., Self reported age-related eye diseases and visual impairment in the United States: Results of the 2002 National Health Interview Survey (2008) Am J Public Health, 98, pp. 454-461Castro, S.S., César, C.L., Carandina, L., Barros, M.B.A., Al-Ves, M.C.G.P., Goldbaum, M., Deficiência visual, audi-tiva e física: Prevalência e fatores associados em estudo de base populacional (2008) Cad Saúde Pública, 24, pp. 1773-1782Barros, M.B.A., Zanchetta, L.M., Moura, E.C., Malta, D.C., Auto-avaliação da saúde e fatores associados, Bra-sil (2006) Rev Saúde Pública, 43 (2 SUPPL.), pp. S27-S37Alves, L.C., Leite, I.D., Machado, C.J., Factors associated with functional disability of elderly in Brazil: A multilevel analysis (2010) Rev Saúde Pública, 44, pp. 468-478Barros, A.J.D., Bertoldi, A.D., Desigualdades na utili-zação e no acesso a serviços odontológicos: Uma avaliação em nível nacional (2002) Ciênc Saúde Coletiva, 7, pp. 709-717Patel, R., Lawlor, D.A., Ebrahim, S., British Women's Heart and Health Study cohort. Socio-economic position and the use of preventive health care in older British women: A cross-sectional study using data from the British Women's Heart and Health Study cohort (2007) Fam Pract, 24, pp. 7-10Zaitune, M.P.A., Barros, M.B.A., Cesar, C.L.G., Carandina, L., Goldbaum, M., Hipertensão em idosos: Prevalên-cia, fatores associados e práticas de controle no Município de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil (2006) Cad Saúde Pública, 22, pp. 285-294Silveira, E.A., Araújo, C.L., Gigante, D.P., Barros, A.J.D., Lima, M.S., Validação do peso e altura referidos para o diagnóstico do estado nutricional em uma popula-ção de adultos no Sul do Brasil (2005) Cad Saúde Pública, 21, pp. 235-245Skinner, K.M., Miller, D.R., Lincoln, E., Lee, A., Kazis, L.E., Concordance between respondent self-reports and medical records for chronic conditions: Experience from the Veterans Health Study (2005) J Ambul Care Manage, 28, pp. 102-110Knight, M., Stewart-Brown, S., Fletcher, L., Estimating health needs: The impact of a checklist of conditions and quality of life measurement on health information derived from community surveys (2001) J Public Health Med, 23, pp. 179-186Mackenbach, J.P., Looman, C.W., van der Meer, J.B., Differences in the misreporting of chronic conditions, by level of education: The effect on inequalities in prevalence rates (1996) Am J Public Health, 86, pp. 706-71

The impact of educational robots as learning tools in specific technical classes in undergraduate education

The use of mobile robots in the classroom has gained increasing attention in recent years due to their potential to enhance student engagement and facilitate personalized learning. This research presents the insertion of mobile robots as a hands-on learning experience in Control and Servomechanisms II and Signal Processing II classes. This work also addresses the challenges and limitations of using mobile robots in the classroom, including technical difficulties. The students were evaluated during the code implementation in the practical exercises. Besides, a form was provided to them in order to assess the impact of these robots as part of the pedagogical practice. From the students’ positive feedback, it was possible to conclude that the mobile robots were well-accepted. Besides, the robots enhanced Control Systems classes and improved students’ learning outcomes.The authors would like to thank CEFET/RJ, UFF, UFRJ, and the Brazilian research agencies CAPES, CNPq, and FAPERJ. Besides, the authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) to CeDRI (UIDB/05757/2020 and UIDP/05757/2020) and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2021).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Coherent Manipulation of Quantum Delta-kicked Dynamics: Faster-than-classical Anomalous Diffusion

Large transporting regular islands are found in the classical phase space of a modified kicked rotor system in which the kicking potential is reversed after every two kicks. The corresponding quantum system, for a variety of system parameters and over long time scales, is shown to display energy absorption that is significantly faster than that associated with the underlying classical anomalous diffusion. The results are of interest to both areas of quantum chaos and quantum control.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Physical Review

Frictional drag between non-equilibrium charged gases

The frictional drag force between separated but coupled two-dimensional electron gases of different temperatures is studied using the non-equilibrium Green function method based on the separation of center-of-mass and relative dynamics of electrons. As the mechanisms of producing the frictional force we include the direct Coulomb interaction, the interaction mediated via virtual and real TA and LA phonons, optic phonons, plasmons, and TA and LA phonon-electron collective modes. We found that, when the distance between the two electron gases is large, and at intermediate temperature where plasmons and collective modes play the most important role in the frictional drag, the possibility of having a temperature difference between two subsystems modifies greatly the transresistivity.Comment: 8figure

Description Of The Hemipenial Morphology Of Tupinambis Quadrilineatus Manzani And Abe, 1997 (squamata, Teiidae) And New Records From Piauí, Brazil

Few data are available on the morphology of the hemipenis of teiid lizards, especially those of the recentlydefined genus Tupinambis, a widely-distributed group of large-bodied lizards. This study provides an illustrated description of the hemipenis of Tupinambis quadrilineatus, which is similar to that of other representatives of the Tupinambinae subfamily. New records of the species from the state of Piauí, in northeastern Brazil, are also presented. © Marcélia Basto da Silva et al.3616172Avila-Pires, T.C.S., (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata), p. 706. , Zoologische VerhandelingenBarreto, L., Arzabe, C., Lima, Y.C.C., Herpetofauna da região de Balsas (2007) Cerrado Norte do Brasil, pp. 221-229. , In: Barreto L (Ed), USEB, PelotasBöhme, W., Zur Genitalmorphologie der Sauria: Funktionelle und stammesgeschichtliche Aspekte (1988) Bonner Zoologische Monographien, 27, pp. 1-176Colli, G.R., Péres Jr., A.K., Cunha, H.J., A new species of Tupinambis (Squamata: Teiidae) from Central Brazil, with an analysis of morphological and genetic variation in the genus (1998) Herpetologica, 54 (4), pp. 477-492Cope, E.D., On the hemipenes of the Sauria (1896) Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 48, pp. 461-467Costa, H.C., São Pedro, V.A., Péres, A.K., Feio, N.R., Reptilia, Squamata, Teiidae, Tupinambis longilineus: Distribution extension (2008) Check List, 4, pp. 267-268Dal Vechio, F., Recoder, R., Rodrigues, M.T., Zaher, H., The herpetofauna of the Estação Ecológica de Uruçuí-Una, state of Piauí, Brazil (2013) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 53 (16), pp. 225-243. , doi: 10.1590/S0031-10492013001600001Dowling, H.G., Duellman, W.E., (1978) Systematic Herpetology: A Synopsis of Families and Higher Categories, p. 118. , HISS Publications, New YorkFerreira, L.V., Pereira, J.L.G., Avila-Pires, T.C.S., Chaves, P.P., Cunha, D.A., Furtado, C.S., Primeira ocorrência de Tupinambis quadrilineatus Manzani, Abe, 1997 (Squamata: Teiidae) no bioma Amazônia (2009) Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Ciências Naturais, 4 (3), pp. 355-361Fitzgerald, L.A., Cook, J.A., Aquino, A.J., Molecular phylogenetics and conservation of Tupinambis (Sauria: Teiidae) (1999) Copeia, pp. 894-905. , doi: 10.2307/1447965Guimarães, T.C.S., Figueiredo, G.B., Salmito, W.E., Geographic distribution: Tupinambis quadrilineatus (2007) Herpetological Review, 38 (3), pp. 353-354Harvey, M.B., Ugueto, G.N., Gutberlet, R.L., Review of Teiid Morphology with a Revised Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Teiidae (Lepidosauria: Squamata) (2012) Zootaxa, pp. 1-156. , http://zoobank.org/References/457C2AD0-E5CF-4A41-B6CB-11722700BC5FLangstroth, R.P., Adiciones probables y confirmadas para la saurofauna boliviana (2005) Kempffiana, 1 (1), pp. 101-128Levington, A.E., McDiarmid, R., Moody, S., Nickerson, M., Rosado, J., Sokol, O., Voris, H., Museum acronyms (1980) Second edition, Herpetological Review, 11, pp. 93-102Lima, A.C., Pimenta, F.E., Reptilia, Squamata, Teiidae, Tupinambis longilineus: Distribution extension (2008) Check List, 4, pp. 240-243Manzani, P.R., Abe, A., A new species of Tupinambis Daudin, 1802 (Squamata: Teiidae) from Brazil (1997) Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Série, Zoologia, 382, pp. 1-10Manzani, P.R., Abe, A., Sobre dois novos métodos de preparação de hemipênis de serpentes (1988) Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 50 (1), pp. 15-20Manzani, P.R., Abe, A.S., A new species of Tupinambis Daudin, 1803 from southeastern Brazil (Squamata, Teiidae) (2002) Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 60, pp. 295-302Mesquita, D.O., Colli, G.R., França, F.G.R., Vitt, L.J., Ecology of a Cerrado lizard assemblage in the Jalapão region of Brazil (2006) Copeia 2006, (3), pp. 460-471. , doi: 10.1643/0045-8511(2006)2006[460:EOACLA]2.0.CO;2Moreira, L.A., Fenolio, D.B., Silva, H.L.R., Silva Jr., N.J., A preliminary list of the Herpetofauna from termite mounds of the cerrado in the Upper Tocantins river valley (2009) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 49 (15), pp. 183-189. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0031-10492009001500001&script=sci_arttextMyers, C.H., Williams, E.E., McDiarmid, R.W., A new anoline lizard (Phenacosaurus) from the highland of Cerro de la Neblina, Southern Venezuela (1993) American Museum Novitates 3070, pp. 1-15Pesantes, O.S., A method for preparing the hemipenis of preserved snakes (1994) Journal of Herpetology, 28, pp. 93-95. , doi: 10.2307/1564686Recoder, R., Nogueira, C., Composição e diversidade de répteis na região sul do Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas, Brasil Central (2007) Biota Neotropica, 7 (3), pp. 267-278. , doi: 10.1590/S1676-06032007000300029Recoder, R.S., Junior, M.T., Camacho, A., Nunes, P.M.S., Mott, T., Valdujo, P.H., Ghellere, J.M., Rodrigues, M.T., Répteis da Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins, Brasil Central (2011) Biota Neotropica, 11 (1), pp. 263-282. , doi: 10.1590/S1676-06032011000100026Savage, J.M., On terminology for the description of the hemipenis of squamate reptiles (1997) Herpetological Journal, 7, pp. 23-25. , doi: 10.1590/S1984-46702011000400005Silva Jr., N.J., Silva, H.L.R., Rodrigues, M.T., Valle, N.C.U., Costa, M.C., Castro, S.P., Linder, E.T., Sites Jr., J.W., A fauna de vertebrados do vale do alto rio Tocantins em áreas de usinas hidrelétricas (2005) Estudos, 32, pp. 57-101Silveira, A.L., 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Continuity of the Maximum-Entropy Inference

We study the inverse problem of inferring the state of a finite-level quantum system from expected values of a fixed set of observables, by maximizing a continuous ranking function. We have proved earlier that the maximum-entropy inference can be a discontinuous map from the convex set of expected values to the convex set of states because the image contains states of reduced support, while this map restricts to a smooth parametrization of a Gibbsian family of fully supported states. Here we prove for arbitrary ranking functions that the inference is continuous up to boundary points. This follows from a continuity condition in terms of the openness of the restricted linear map from states to their expected values. The openness condition shows also that ranking functions with a discontinuous inference are typical. Moreover it shows that the inference is continuous in the restriction to any polytope which implies that a discontinuity belongs to the quantum domain of non-commutative observables and that a geodesic closure of a Gibbsian family equals the set of maximum-entropy states. We discuss eight descriptions of the set of maximum-entropy states with proofs of accuracy and an analysis of deviations.Comment: 34 pages, 1 figur

Influence Of Surface Treatments On Enamel Susceptibility To Staining By Cigarette Smoke

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of remineralizing agents, including artificial saliva, neutral fluoride, and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), on the susceptibility of bleached enamel to staining by cigarette smoke. Study design: Fifty bovine enamel blocks were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10): G1- bleaching; G2- bleaching and immersion in artificial saliva; G3- bleaching and application of CPP-ACP; G4- bleaching and application of neutral fluoride; and G5- untreated (Control). Teeth were bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide and treated with the appropriate remineralizing agent. After treatment, all groups were exposed to cigarette smoke. Enamel color measurements were performed at three different times: before treatment (T1), after treatment (bleaching and remineralizing agent) (T2), and after staining (T3), by using the CIE Lab method with a spectrophotometer. The data coordinate L* was evaluated by analysis of repeated-measures PROC MIXED and Tukey-Kramer's test, and the E values were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (a = 0.05). Results: The G1 group did not show any statistically significant difference for L* values between times T1 and T2. The G4 and G5 groups showed lower L* values at T3 compared to T2. No significant differences between the groups were observed for E (after treatment and staining). However, G4 showed a clinically apparent color change. Conclusions: Treatment of bleached enamel with neutral fluoride can contribute to the increased staining of enamel due to cigarette smoke. © Medicina Oral S. L. C.I.F. B 96689336 - eISSN: 1989-5488.54163168Lewinstein, I., Hirschfeld, Z., Stabholz, A., Rotstein, I., Effect of hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate on the microhardness of human enamel and dentin (1994) J Endod., 20, pp. 61-3McEvoy, S.A., Chemical agents for removing intrinsic stains from vital teeth (1989) I. Technique development. Quintessence Int., 20, pp. 323-8Joiner, A., The bleaching of teeth: a review of the literature (2006) J Dent., 34, pp. 412-9Sulieman, M., An overview of bleaching techniques: I (2004) History, chemistry, safety and legal aspects. 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