Classification and management of anaplastic gliomas

Purpose of review: To summarize findings, discuss problems and define new questions from the past phase III trials in anaplastic gliomas. Recent findings: The current standard of care for first-line treatment in anaplastic gliomas is radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The next steps are to define the role and optimal sequencing of combined modality treatment focusing on radiotherapy and temozolomide and to develop trials with novel targeted treatments. The feature of necrosis in oligodendroglial tumors needs to be further studied, and molecular prognosticators will take more room. These include O6-methylguanylmethyltransferase promoter methylation, isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations and epidermal growth factor receptor amplification. Further, the notion that all anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors with or without a relevant astrocytic component fall into the same prognostic category and the obvious difficulties to type and to grade anaplastic gliomas pose an enormous burden on local diagnosis. The current and upcoming trials including the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer 26053/22054 trial aim at solving some of these issues with an initial central pathology review. Summary: Anaplastic gliomas are an important group of brain tumors to develop future molecularly targeted therapies and should therefore be in the main focus of academic and industrial drug development, which aims at efficacy and avoiding long-term side effects

Migrating eastern North Pacific gray whale call and blow rates estimated from acoustic recordings, infrared camera video, and visual sightings.

During the eastern North Pacific gray whale 2014-2015 southbound migration, acoustic call recordings, infrared blow detections, and visual sightings were combined to estimate cue rates, needed to convert detections into abundance. The gray whale acoustic call rate ranged from 2.3-24 calls/whale/day during the peak of the southbound migration with an average of 7.5 calls/whale/day over both the southbound and northbound migrations. The average daily calling rate increased between 30 December-13 February. With a call rate model, we estimated that 4,340 gray whales migrated south before visual observations began on 30 December, which is 2,829 more gray whales than used in the visual estimate, and would add approximately 10% to the abundance estimate. We suggest that visual observers increase their survey effort to all of December to document gray whale presence. The infrared camera blow rate averaged 49 blows/whale/hour over 5-8 January. Probability of detection of a whale blow by the infrared camera was the same at night as during the day. However, probability of detection decreased beyond 2.1 km offshore, whereas visual sightings revealed consistent whale densities up to 3 km offshore. We suggest that future infrared camera surveys use multiple cameras optimised for different ranges offshore

Deuteron Compton Scattering in Effective Field Theory: Spin-Dependent Cross Sections and Asymmetries

Polarized Compton scattering on the deuteron is studied in nuclear effective field theory. A set of tensor structures is introduced to define 12 independent Compton amplitudes. The scalar and vector amplitudes are calculated up to ${\cal O}((Q/\Lambda)^2)$ in low-energy power counting. Significant contribution to the vector amplitudes is found to come from the spin-orbit type of relativistic corrections. A double-helicity dependent cross section $\Delta_1 \sigma = (\sigma_{+1-1}-\sigma_{+1+1})/2$ is calculated to the same order, and the effect of the nucleon isoscalar spin-dependent polarizabilities is found to be smaller than the effect of isoscalar spin-independent ones. Contributions of spin-independent polarizabilities are investigated in various asymmetries, one of which has as large as 12 (26) percent effect at the center-of-mass photon energy 30 (50) MeV.Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures included, replaced with the version submitted to PR

Toxicity of intraperitoneal bisulfite

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/117086/1/cpt196893328.pd

A comparison of the fermentation patterns of six commercial wine yeasts

The fermentation properties of six commercial yeast strains, Prise de Mousse (PM), Pasteur Champagne (PC), Swiss (S), Montrachet (M), Epernay 2 (E) and Chanson (C) were compared in grape juices and Yeast Nitrogen Base (YNB). None of the strains fermented a 23 ° Brix Chardonnay juice to complete dryness. S resulted in the smallest amount of residual sugar followed by E. PM, PC and S all fermented 19.7 and 22.0 °Brix Gewürztraminer juices to dryness. PM produced the greatest amounts of alcohol in Chardonnay juicP. fortified to 30 ° Brix followed in order by PC, S, and M, E and C. C consistently produced the least amount of alcohol. There was no significant difference in alcohol production by the first five strains at 20 ° Brix and no significant difference among the first four strains at 25 ° Brix. PM produced the highest concentrations of ethanol in YNB containing 11.1 or 12.9 % (v/v) ethanol at the time of inoculation. PC and C produced significantly less alcohol. Temperature has a profound effect on the ability of the yeast strains to grow and ferment sugar in YNB. With the exception of PM at 20 °C, none of the strains fermented the 22 % glucose completely in YNB by the end of 25 d. The higher temperature 30 °C was particularly detrimental to yeast growth and fermentation. Generally, the most complete fermentations occurred at 20 °C. PM was most tolerant of decanoic and octanoic acids

Slow roll inflation in the presence of a dark energy coupling

In models of coupled dark energy, in which a dark energy scalar field couples to other matter components, it is natural to expect a coupling to the inflaton as well. We explore the consequences of such a coupling in the context of single-field slow-roll inflation. Assuming an exponential potential for the quintessence field we show that the coupling to the inflaton causes the quintessence field to be attracted toward the minimum of the effective potential. If the coupling is large enough, the field is heavy and is located at the minimum. We show how this affects the expansion rate and the slow-roll of the inflaton field, and therefore the primordial perturbations generated during inflation. We further show that the coupling has an important impact on the processes of reheating and preheating

Structure of plastically compacting granular packings

The developing structure in systems of compacting ductile grains were studied experimentally in two and three dimensions. In both dimensions, the peaks of the radial distribution function were reduced, broadened, and shifted compared with those observed in hard disk- and sphere systems. The geometrical three--grain configurations contributing to the second peak in the radial distribution function showed few but interesting differences between the initial and final stages of the two dimensional compaction. The evolution of the average coordination number as function of packing fraction is compared with other experimental and numerical results from the literature. We conclude that compaction history is important for the evolution of the structure of compacting granular systems.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figure

Prediction of a surface state and a related surface insulator-metal transition for the (100) surface of stochiometric EuO

We calculate the temperature and layer-dependent electronic structure of a 20-layer EuO(100)-film using a combination of first-principles and model calculation based on the ferromagnetic Kondo-lattice model. The results suggest the existence of a EuO(100) surface state which can lead to a surface insulator-metal transition.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, Phys. Rev. Lett. (in press