La manteca de karité

A bibliographical review of the extraction, composition properties and applications of shea butter is made.Se hace una revisión bibliográfica sobre la extracción, composición, propiedades y aplicaciones de la manteca de karité

Aceites de oliva vírgenes y refinados: Diferencias en componentes menores glicerídicos

This paper defines the main differences in glyceridic minor compounds between virgin and refined olive oils. Modifications during the steps of the refining process are studied and compared with differences found in two series of virgin and refined oils and those during storage. The results demonstrate that the absence of polymerized compounds is the most useful parameter for the characterization of virgin oils while the presence of dimeric triglycerides and a high ratio diglycerides/fatty acids are those for refined oils.En el presente trabajo se definen las principales diferencias en componentes menores glicerídicos entre aceites de oliva vírgenes y refinados. Para ello, se estudian las modificaciones que tienen lugar durante las distintas etapas del proceso de refinación, se comprueban las diferencias encontradas en dos series de aceites vírgenes y refinados y, finalmente, se analizan las modificaciones originadas durante el almacenamiento. Los resultados demuestran que la ausencia de compuestos de polimerización es de gran valor para la caracterización de los aceites de oliva vírgenes, mientras que, la presencia de dímeros de triglicéridos y la elevada relación diglicéridos/ácidos grasos son las características principales de los aceites refinados

Aplicación de la cromatografía de gases a elevada temperatura en el análisis de aceites y grasas de fritura

The determination of polar compounds is the most commonly applied technique in the analysis of used frying fats and oils. High-temperature gas chromatography allows for a quantitative determination of oxidized monomeric FAME and dimeric FAME thus giving extra information on oil degradation starting from the fraction of polar compounds. Polar compounds are transesterified and methyl esters are separated in a VF-5ht Ultimetal column (150 °C -held for 5 min- rising at 5 °C min-1 to 370 °C and held for 5 min) using methyl tricosanoate as internal standard. Results are compared with those obtained by more complex alternative methodology using high-performance size-exclusion chromatography.La determinación de compuestos polares es el método analítico más utilizado en el análisis de los aceites y grasas de fritura. En este estudio se aprovechan las posibilidades actuales de la cromatografía de gases a elevada temperatura que permite cuantificar los dos grupos mayoritarios de ácidos grasos polares como ésteres metílicos: los monómeros oxidados y los dímeros. Con tal fin, la fracción de compuestos polares se tranesterifica y los ésteres metílicos obtenidos se separan en una columna de VF-5ht Ultimetal, usando tricosanoato de metilo como estándar interno, en las siguientes condiciones: 150 °C durante 5 minutos, 5 °C/min hasta 370 °C y 5 minutos a 370 °C. Los resultados se comparan con los obtenidos mediante técnica alternativa más compleja basada en la cromatografía de exclusión por tamaño molecular

Early decelerations of the fetal heart rate from occlusion of the umbilical cord

Peer Reviewe

Ensayos para refinación física de la manteca de karité

Assays for physical refining of shea butter. The best conditions for the refining of shea butter used-in cosmetic industries are defined. The objective is to obtain a bleached, deodorized fat, with a 3% maximum free acidity and a high amount of unsaponifiable matter having minimal losses with respect to the initial sample. The following variables have been studied: phosphoric acid proportion in degumming, bleaching clays and active carbon percentages in bleaching, and temperature/time in the stage of deodorization. The results demonstrate that good quality shea butter can be obtained by physical refining if the level of free fatty acid in the initial sample is lower than 5%. Otherwise, a neutralization is necessary, which should be partial in order to reduce the loss of unsaponifiable matter.Se estudian las condiciones más adecuadas en la refinación de la manteca de karité para su uso en cosmética. El objetivo es conseguir un producto decolorado, desodorizado con acidez libre inferior al 3% e insaponificable elevado, con pérdidas mínimas sobre el existente en la muestra inicial. Se han estudiado las siguientes variables: proporción de ácido fosfórico en la fase de desgomado, cantidad de tierras decolorantes y carbón activo en la decoloración y temperatura/tiempo en la desodorización. Los resultados demuestran que puede obtenerse una grasa de buena calidad mediante refinación física cuando las muestras contienen menos de un 5% de acidez. En caso contrario es necesario una neutralización previa que debe ser parcial para disminuir al mínimo las pérdidas de compuestos del insaponificable

Caracterización química, térmica y viscosa de oleínas ácidas de girasol alto oleico y orujo de oliva y estólidos derivados

This work deals with the chemical, thermal and viscous characterization of a variety of estolides, prepared from higholeic sunflower and olive pomace acid oils, using different acid-catalyzed synthesis protocols and reaction times. Estolides with weight-average molecular weights between 1.7 and 3.4 times higher than the original acid oils were obtained. The molecular weight of the estolides was higher when using the sulphuric acid-catalyzed method and a reaction time of 3-6 h. Estolides presented higher freezing temperatures than acid oils. In general, viscosity values are related to estolide molecular weight. Significant increments in viscosities were found in comparison with acid oils. Maximum viscosity values were obtained for estolides prepared using the sulphuric acidcatalyzed method. The largest viscosity increments in olive pomace acid oil-derived estolides were observed during the first 6 hours of reaction, due to an increase in the molecular weight; longer reaction times yielded adverse results. The temperature dependence of viscosity for all estolides studied is significantly larger than for the original acid oils.Este trabajo presenta la caracterización química, térmica y viscosa de estólidos preparados a partir de oleínas ácidas de girasol alto-oleico y de orujo de oliva, utilizando diferentes métodos catalizados por ácidos y diferentes tiempos de reacción. Se obtuvieron estólidos con pesos moleculares promedios en peso entre 1,7 y 3,4 veces más altos que las oleínas de origen. El peso molecular de los estólidos aumenta cuando se utiliza el método catalizado por ácido sulfúrico y un tiempo de reacción de 3-6 h. Los estólidos obtenidos presentan temperaturas de congelación más altas que las oleínas. En general, los valores de viscosidad están relacionados con el peso molecular del estólido. Se encontraron incrementos significativos de viscosidad en comparación con las oleínas. Los valores máximos de viscosidad se obtuvieron para los estólidos preparados con el método catalizado por ácido sulfúrico. En los estólidos derivados de oleína de orujo de oliva se observaron los mayores incrementos de viscosidad durante las 6 primeras horas de reacción, debido al mayor aumento en el peso molecular. Tiempos más largos de reacción dan lugar a resultados desfavorables. La dependencia de la viscosidad con la temperatura de todos los estólidos es más importante que en las oleínas de partida

Fasciola hepatica induces eosinophil apoptosis in the migratory and biliary stages of infection in sheep

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the number of apoptotic eosinophils in the livers of sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica during the migratory and biliary stages of infection. Four groups (n = 5) of sheep were used; groups 1–3 were orally infected with 200 metacercariae (mc) and sacrificed at 8 and 28 days post-infection (dpi), and 17 weeks post-infection (wpi), respectively. Group 4 was used as an uninfected control. Apoptosis was detected using immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal antibody against anti-active caspase-3, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Eosinophils were identified using the Hansel stain in serial sections for caspase-3, and by ultrastructural features using TEM. At 8 and 28 dpi, numerous caspase-3+ eosinophils were mainly found at the periphery of acute hepatic necrotic foci. The percentage of caspase -3+ apoptotic eosinophils in the periphery of necrotic foci was high (46.1–53.9) at 8 and 28 dpi, respectively, and decreased in granulomas found at 28 dpi (6%). Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of apoptotic eosinophils in hepatic lesions at 8 and 28 dpi. At 17 wpi, apoptotic eosinophils were detected in the infiltrate surrounding some enlarged bile ducts containing adult flukes. This is the first report of apoptosis induced by F. hepatica in sheep and the first study reporting apoptosis in eosinophils in hepatic inflammatory infiltrates in vivo. The high number of apoptotic eosinophils in acute necrotic tracts during the migratory and biliary stages of infection suggests that eosinophil apoptosis may play a role in F. hepatica survival during different stages of infection.This work was supported by EU grants (FPVII-265862-PARAVAC, H2020-635408-PARAGONE) and the Spanish Ministry of Science grant AGL2009-08726. TEM studies were carried out by the Central Services for Research of the University of Córdoba (SCAI)Veterinari

Type Ia SNe Along Redshift: The R(Si II) Ratio and the Expansion Velocities in Intermediate-z Supernovae

We present a study of intermediate-z Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) using empirical physical diagrams which permit the investigation of those SNe explosions. This information can be very useful to reduce systematic uncertainties of the Hubble diagram of SNe Ia up to high z. The study of the expansion velocities and the measurement of the ratio R(Si II) allow subtyping of SNe Ia as done in nearby samples. The evolution of this ratio as seen in the diagram R(Si II)-(t) together with F(Si II)_max versus (B – V)_0 indicates consistency of the properties at intermediate-z compared with the nearby SNe Ia. At intermediate-z, expansion velocities of Ca II and Si II are found similar to those of the nearby sample. This is found in a sample of six SNe Ia in the range 0.033 ≤ z ≤ 0.329 discovered within the International Time Programme of SNe Ia for Cosmology and Physics in the spring run of 2002. The program run under Omega and Lambda from Supernovae and the Physics of Supernova Explosions within the International Time Programme at the telescopes of the European Northern Observatory (ENO) at La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). Two SNe Ia at intermediate-z were of the cool FAINT type, one being an SN1986G-like object highly reddened. The R(Si II) ratio as well as subclassification of the SNe Ia beyond templates help to place SNe Ia in their sequence of brightness and to distinguish between reddened and intrinsically red supernovae. This test can be done with very high z SNe Ia and it will help to reduce systematic uncertainties due to extinction by dust. It should allow to map the high-z sample into the nearby one