Kinetic Roughening in Slow Combustion of Paper

Results of experiments on the dynamics and kinetic roughening of one-dimensional slow-combustion fronts in three grades of paper are reported. Extensive averaging of the data allows a detailed analysis of the spatial and temporal development of the interface fluctuations. The asymptotic scaling properties, on long length and time scales, are well described by the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation with short-range, uncorrelated noise. To obtain a more detailed picture of the strong-coupling fixed point, characteristic of the KPZ universality class, universal amplitude ratios, and the universal coupling constant are computed from the data and found to be in good agreement with theory. Below the spatial and temporal scales at which a cross-over takes place to the standard KPZ behavior, the fronts display higher apparent exponents and apparent multiscaling. In this regime the interface velocities are spatially and temporally correlated, and the distribution of the magnitudes of the effective noise has a power-law tail. The relation of the observed short-range behavior and the noise as determined from the local velocity fluctuations is discussed.Comment: RevTeX v3.1, 13 pages, 12 Postscript figures (uses epsf.sty), 3 tables; submitted to Phys. Rev.

Spatial variations in bacterial and archaeal abundance and community composition in boreal forest pine mycorrhizospheres

Mycorrhizal fungi have a strong impact on soil biota. In this study, bacterial and archaeal populations in different parts of Suillus bovinus - Pinus sylvestris mycorrhizospheres in boreal forest were quantified and identified by DNA analysis. The numbers of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene copies were highest in uncolonized humus and lowest in fruiting bodies. The numbers of bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies varied from 1.3 x 10(7) to 3.1 x 10(9) copies g(-1) fw and archaeal copies from 4.1 x 10(7) to 9.6 x 10(8) copies g(-1) fw. The relatively high number of archaeal 16S rRNA gene copies was likely due to the cold and highly organic habitat. The presence of hyphae appeared to further promote archaeal numbers and the archaea:bacteria ratio was over one in samples containing only fungal material. Most detected archaea belonged to terrestrial Thaumarchaeota. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria were predictably the dominating bacterial taxa in the samples with clear trend of Betaproteobacteria preferring the pine root habitats.Peer reviewe

Synthesis and Theoretical Studies of Aromatic Azaborines

Organoboron compounds are well known for their use as synthetic building blocks in several significant reactions, e.g., palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling. As an element, boron is fascinating; as part of a molecule it structurally resembles a three-valent atom, but if there is a lone pair of electrons nearby, the boron atom’s empty p-orbital may capture the lone pair and form a covalent bond. This is the main aspect that is challenging chemistry during the synthesis of boron containing molecules and may lead into unexpected reactions and products. To study this, we synthesized and studied novel aromatic azaborines for better understanding of their structures and reactions. Here, we report a one-pot method for the synthesis of substituted aromatic azaborines and computational studies of their structure to explain their observed chemical properties

An 854-year tree-ring chronology of Scots pine for south-west Finland

A near-mil len nial tree-ring chro nol ogy (AD 1147–2000) is pre sented for south-west Fin land and an a lyzed us ing dendroclimatic meth ods. This is a com pos ite chro nol ogy com pris ing sam ples both from stand ing pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) and subfossil trunks as re cov ered from the lake sed i ments, with a to tal sam ple size of 189 tree-ring sample se ries. The se ries were dendrochronologically cross-dated to ex act cal en dar years to por tray vari abil ity in tree-ring widths on inter-an nual and lon ger scales. Al though the stud ied chro nol ogy cor re lates sta tis ti cally sig nif i cantly with other long tree-ring width chro nol o gies from Fin land over their com mon pe riod (AD 1520–1993), the south-west chro nol ogy did not ex hibit sim i larly strong mid-sum mer tem per a ture or spring/early-sum mer pre cip i ta tion sig nals in com par i son to pub lished chro nol o gies. On the other hand, the south-west chro nol ogy showed high est cor re la tions to the North At lan tic Os cil la tion in di ces in win ter/spring months, this as so ci a tion fol low ing a dendroclimatic fea ture com mon to pine chro nol o gies over the re gion and ad ja cent ar eas. Paleoclimatic com par i son showed that tree-rings had var ied sim i larly to cen tral Eu ro pean spring tem per a tures. It is pos tu lated that the col lected and dated tree-ring ma te rial could be stud ied for wood sur face reflectance (blue chan nel light in ten sity) and sta ble iso topes, which both have re - cently shown to cor re late notably well with sum mer tem per a tures

Magnetic nanocomposites at microwave frequencies

Most conventional magnetic materials used in the electronic devices are ferrites, which are composed of micrometer-size grains. But ferrites have small saturation magnetization, therefore the performance at GHz frequencies is rather poor. That is why functionalized nanocomposites comprising magnetic nanoparticles (e.g. Fe, Co) with dimensions ranging from a few nm to 100 nm, and embedded in dielectric matrices (e.g. silicon oxide, aluminium oxide) have a significant potential for the electronics industry. When the size of the nanoparticles is smaller than the critical size for multidomain formation, these nanocomposites can be regarded as an ensemble of particles in single-domain states and the losses (due for example to eddy currents) are expected to be relatively small. Here we review the theory of magnetism in such materials, and we present a novel measurement method used for the characterization of the electromagnetic properties of composites with nanomagnetic insertions. We also present a few experimental results obtained on composites consisting of iron nanoparticles in a dielectric matrix.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, 5 table

3-(3-Bromophenyl)-7-acetoxycoumarin

In natural product synthesis, the procurement of easily accessible starting materials is crucial. Chromenones and their subclass, coumarins, are a wide family of small, oxygen-containing aromatic heterocycles. Phenylcoumarins offer a particularly excellent starting point for a diverse chemical space of natural products, and thus are excellent staring materials for more complex natural products. Herein, we report an efficient synthesis of an easily accessible 3-phenylcoumarin bearing two orthogonally substitutable groups, bromine, and an acetyl-protected phenylic hydroxyl group

Scaling and Noise in Slow Combustion of Paper

We present results of high resolution experiments on kinetic roughening of slow combustion fronts in paper, focusing on short length and time scales. Using three different grades of paper, we find that the combustion fronts show apparent spatial and temporal multiscaling at short scales. The scaling exponents decrease as a function of the order of the corresponding correlation functions. The noise affecting the fronts reveals short range temporal and spatial correlations, and non-Gaussian noise amplitudes. Our results imply that the overall behavior of slow combustion fronts cannot be explained by standard theories of kinetic roughening.Peer reviewe