Validity and reliability of a pictorial scale of physical self-concept in spanish children. [Validez y fiabilidad de la escala pictográfica de autoconcepto físico en niños y niñas españoles].

The pictorial scale of Physical Self-Concept in Children (P-PSC-C) is a relatively new instrument for investigating physical self-concept in childhood. The current study aims to examine the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the P-PSC-C, and also to analyse the validity according to the children’s age. A sample of 365 primary school age (M = 9.21, SD = 1.92) students participated; divided in two groups, those aged 9 or younger and those 10-11 years old. Surveys were used to assess perceived physical concept individually. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with diagonally weighted least square estimator specifically designed for ordinal data and a scaled test statistic was conducted. Ordinal alpha using a polychoric correlation matrix and Kendall’s τ were used to analyse reliability and correlation between items, respectively. The results of the CFA showed a one-dimensional excellent fit for the whole sample. According to the age groups, the CFA revealed that the item assessing flexibility had a low factor loading for older children ( = .11). Weak invariance was shown for gender. Item statistics and reliability values were otherwise good. This study shows a high potential for the pictorial scale to be suitable for the given age groups in measuring physical self-concept. Resumen La escala pictográfica de Autoconcepto Físico en niños y niñas es un instrumento novedoso para investigar el autoconcepto físico en la niñez. Este estudio pretende analizar la validez y fiabilidad de la versión española de la escala pictográfica de Autoconcepto Físico en niños y niñas, también según su edad. En el estudio participó una muestra de 365 niños y niñas (M = 9.21, D.T. = 1.92) de centros educativos de infantil y primaria que fueron divididos en dos grupos, aquellos de 9 años o menores y los de 10-11 años. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales para medir el autoconcepto físico. Se aplicaron pruebas de análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) con estimaciones específicas ponderadas de mínimos cuadrados diseñado específicamente para datos ordinales. Para analizar la fiabilidad y correlación entre ítems, se utilizó una matriz policórica de correlación y la τ de Kendall, respectivamente. Los resultados del AFC para toda la muestra de estudio mostraron un ajuste unidimensional excelente. Respecto a la validez según los grupos de edad, los AFC mostraron que el ítem de flexibilidad tuvo una carga factorial baja e insuficiente en los niños de mayor edad ( = .11). Según el sexo, la invarianza fue débil. Los datos estadísticos de los ítems y la fiabilidad fueron buenos. Este estudio muestra un alto potencial para la utilización de la escala pictográfica para medir el autoconcepto físico en los grupos de edad analizados. La escala pictográfica de autoconcepto físico es relativamente nueva para estudiar el autoconcepto físico en la niñez

DasSport- und Vereinsengagement der Jugendlichen

Kurz D, Tietjens M. DasSport- und Vereinsengagement der Jugendlichen. Sportwissenschaft. 2000;30:384-407

Community perceptions of effects of economic development projects on rural people, environment and forests in Sikkim

© 2013 Dr. Thomas ChandySikkim, a small Himalayan State of India, is passing through a phase of rapid economic development, involving implementation of hydroelectricity, industrial and tourism projects. These aim to provide future economic benefits to the people of the State and the wider Indian population and eradicate poverty. Literature on environmental degradation in the Himalayas support the view that development activities like road construction and tourism invariably lead to deforestation, soil erosion and adverse rural impacts. Information on socioeconomic impacts of large economic development projects on communities and ecosystems in Sikkim is limited. The broad aim of this study was to determine the impact of developmental projects (mainly hydroelectricity, industry development and tourism projects) on forest-dependent communities, the forests and the natural environment in Sikkim. A qualitative study was conducted to understand the communities’ perceptions of impacts of development projects. Six research sites were selected to cover localities with hydroelectricity, industrial and tourism development projects, in three of the four administrative districts of Sikkim. Primary data was collected by conducting individual and focus-group interviews, and analysed using principles of Grounded Theory to identify themes relevant to the research objectives. The results showed that development projects provide significant benefits to nearby rural communities, but also have undesirable negative impacts on communities, forests and the natural environment. Benefits, such as employment, social welfare and village infrastructure development, led to a raised standard of living of rural people which in turn resulted in people reducing their traditional dependence on forests for energy, food and fodder. This diminished dependence was related mainly to diversification of livelihoods made possible by employment opportunities provided by nearby development projects. It was also due to rural people’s changed lifestyle and market dependence for goods. Negative environmental impacts, such as deforestation, reduced water supply, pollution and soil erosion, had adverse impacts on traditional agriculture livelihoods. Though many of those who were affected by environmental impacts were employed in development projects, the jobs were mainly short-term and did not provide them with sustainable livelihood opportunities. Such environmental impacts can potentially exacerbate the effects of climate change that caused livelihood stress among local communities. This study analyses the flow of benefits and impacts of large development projects, and provides knowledge for more informed policy on the implementation of economic development projects. The thesis concludes that economic development projects have transformed rural communities in ways that have made them less dependent on forests, but that these changes are not generally long-term. Land degradation resulting from these projects needs to be reversed, new livelihood options introduced and traditional forms of agriculture strengthened by suitable interventions. Opportunities for livelihood diversification, such as those provided by village tourism, floriculture and horticulture need to be explored and instituted by government and private agencies. Of the three types of economic development studied, tourism had the potential for a more environmentally sound and culturally acceptable form of development. For large development projects such as those of hydroelectricity development or industry, there is a need for undertaking ongoing environmental impact assessments involving local stakeholders in monitoring and evaluation

Sportliche Aktivität und Inaktivität: Kinder und Jugendliche

Kurz D, Tietjens M. Sportliche Aktivität und Inaktivität: Kinder und Jugendliche. In: Bös K, Brehm W, eds. Gesundheitssport. Ein Handbuch. Schorndorf: Hofmann; 1998: 95-107

Validity and reliability of a pictorial scale of physical self-concept in spanish children. [Validez y fiabilidad de la escala pictográfica de autoconcepto físico en niños y niñas españoles].

AbstractThe pictorial scale of Physical Self-Concept in Children (P-PSC-C) is a relatively new instrument for investigating physical self-concept in childhood. The current study aims to examine the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the P-PSC-C, and also to analyse the validity according to the children’s age. A sample of 365 primary school age (M = 9.21, SD = 1.92) students participated; divided in two groups, those aged 9 or younger and those 10-11 years old. Surveys were used to assess perceived physical concept individually. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with diagonally weighted least square estimator specifically designed for ordinal data and a scaled test statistic was conducted. Ordinal alpha using a polychoric correlation matrix and Kendall’s τ were used to analyse reliability and correlation between items, respectively. The results of the CFA showed a one-dimensional excellent fit for the whole sample. According to the age groups, the CFA revealed that the item assessing flexibility had a low factor loading for older children ( = .11). Weak invariance was shown for gender. Item statistics and reliability values were otherwise good. This study shows a high potential for the pictorial scale to be suitable for the given age groups in measuring physical self-concept.ResumenLa escala pictográfica de Autoconcepto Físico en niños y niñas es un instrumento novedoso para investigar el autoconcepto físico en la niñez. Este estudio pretende  analizar la validez y fiabilidad de la versión española de la escala pictográfica de Autoconcepto Físico en niños y niñas, también según su edad. En el estudio participó una muestra de 365 niños y niñas (M = 9.21, D.T. = 1.92) de centros educativos de infantil y primaria que fueron divididos en dos grupos, aquellos de 9 años o menores y los de 10-11 años. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales para medir el autoconcepto físico. Se aplicaron pruebas de análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) con estimaciones específicas ponderadas de mínimos cuadrados diseñado específicamente para datos ordinales. Para analizar la fiabilidad y correlación entre ítems, se utilizó una matriz policórica de correlación y la τ de Kendall, respectivamente. Los resultados del AFC para toda la muestra de estudio mostraron un ajuste unidimensional excelente. Respecto a la validez según los grupos de edad, los AFC mostraron que el ítem de flexibilidad tuvo una carga factorial baja e insuficiente en los niños de mayor edad ( = .11). Según el sexo, la invarianza fue débil. Los datos estadísticos de los ítems y la fiabilidad fueron buenos. Este estudio muestra un alto potencial para la utilización de la escala pictográfica para medir el autoconcepto físico en los grupos de edad analizados. 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