Fabrication of frequency selective structure and evaluation of microwave transmission on energy saving glass

The use of energy saving glass has become very popular in the modern day building design. This energy saving property is achieved by applying a very thin tin oxide (SnO2) coating on one side of the glass. This coating can provide good thermal insulation to the buildings by blocking infrared rays while being transparent to visible part of the spectrum. Drawbacks of these energy saving windows is that it also attenuates the transmission of useful microwave signals through them. These signals fall within the frequency band of 0.8GHz to 2.2GHz. In order to pass these signals through the coated glass, the use of aperture type frequency selective surface (FSS) has being proposed. In the present work, SnO2 thin film with FSS structure was fabricated using RF magnetron sputtering technique and printed circuit board technology. Deposition time, dissipation power and oxygen flow rate were varied during the sputtering deposition process. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were used to analyze the surface morphology and roughness of the SnO2 thin film. Two point electrical probe analysis was used to determine the sheet resistance and resistivity of the SnO2 thin film. Thickness of SnO2 thin film was measured using surface profiler. Good correlation between the surface properties and electrical properties of SnO2 thin film was obtained. Microwave transmission through SnO2 coated glass with FSS structure was also analyzed using network analyzer. The result of computer simulation was confirmed and consistent with the network analyzer results that showed the improvement of SnO2 coated glass with the FSS structure. Thermal analysis demonstrated that FSS structure had allows the transmission of GSM mobile signal penetrate in the buildings while blocking the infrared light with the SnO2 film properties

Mathematical approach for serving nutritious menu for secondary school student using “delete-reshuffle-reoptimize algorithm”

Secondary school student need to eat a well nutritious and healthy food that gives enough supplements for improvement, safeguarding and rebuilding the human body. In addition, with legitimate supplement, it can keep any undesirable diseases and infections. At this moment, medicinal disclosure demonstrates that by expending very much adjusted nutritious sustenance, it can anticipate and decrease the dangers of certain illness. Menu organizers, nutritionist and dietitians faced with mind boggling undertakings and inconveniences obstacles to grow human wellbeing. Serving more beneficial meal is a noteworthy step towards accomplishing one of the objectives for this study. However reorganizing a nutritious and well balanced menu by hand is difficult, insufficient and time consuming. The target of this study is to build up a mathematical technique for menu scheduling that fulfill the whole supplement prerequisite for secondary school student, reduce processing time, minimize the budget and furthermore serve assortment type of food consistently. It additionally gives the adaptability for the cook to change any favored menu even after the ideal arrangement and optimal solution has been acquired. A recalculation procedure will be performed in light of the ideal arrangement. The data was obtained from the Ministry of Health Malaysian and school specialists. The model was solved by using Binary Programming and “Delete-Reshuffle-Reoptimize Algorithm”

Nonstandard optimal control problem: case study in an economical application of royalty problem

This paper's focal point is on the nonstandard Optimal Control (OC) problem. In this matter, the value of the final state variable, y(T) is said to be unknown. Moreover, the Lagrangian integrand in the function is in the form of a piecewise constant integrand function of the unknown state value y(T). In addition, the Lagrangian integrand depends on the y(T) value. Thus, this case is considered as the nonstandard OC problem where the problem cannot be resolved by using Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle along with the normal boundary conditions at the final time in the classical setting. Furthermore, the free final state value, y(T) in the nonstandard OC problem yields a necessary boundary condition of final costate value, p(T) which is not equal to zero. Therefore, the new necessary condition of final state value, y(T) should be equal to a certain continuous integral function of y(T)=z since the integrand is a component of y(T). In this study, the 3-stage piecewise constant integrand system will be approximated by utilizing the continuous approximation of the hyperbolic tangent (tanh) procedure. This paper presents the solution by using the computer software of C++ programming and AMPL program language. The Two-Point Boundary Value Problem will be solved by applying the indirect method which will involve the shooting method where it is a combination of the Newton and the minimization algorithm (Golden Section Search and Brent methods). Finally, the results will be compared with the direct methods (Euler, Runge-Kutta, Trapezoidal and Hermite-Simpson approximations) as a validation process