Lipid emulsion interfacial design modulates human in vivo digestion and satiation hormone response

\ua9 2022 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Lipid emulsions (LEs) with tailored digestibility have the potential to modulate satiation or act as delivery systems for lipophilic nutrients and drugs. The digestion of LEs is governed by their interfacial emulsifier layer which determines their gastric structuring and accessibility for lipases. A plethora of LEs that potentially modulate digestion have been proposed in recent years, however, in vivo validations of altered LE digestion remain scarce. Here, we report on the in vivo digestion and satiation of three novel LEs stabilized by whey protein isolate (WPI), thermo-gelling methylcellulose (MC), or cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in comparison to an extensively studied surfactant-stabilized LE. LE digestion and satiation were determined in terms of gastric emptying, postprandial plasma hormone and metabolite levels characteristic for lipid digestion, perceived hunger/fullness sensations, and postprandial food intake. No major variations in gastric fat emptying were observed despite distinct gastric structuring of the LEs. The plasma satiation hormone and metabolite response was fastest and highest for WPI-stabilized LEs, indicating a limited capability of proteins to prevent lipolysis due to fast hydrolysis under gastric conditions and displacement by lipases. MC-stabilized LEs show a similar gastric structuring as surfactant-stabilized LEs but slightly reduced hormone and metabolite responses, suggesting that thermo-gelling MC prevents lipase adsorption more effectively. Ultimately, CNC-stabilized LEs showed a drastic reduction (>70%) in plasma hormone and metabolite responses. This confirms the efficiency of particle (Pickering) stabilized LEs to prevent lipolysis proposed in literature based on in vitro experiments. Subjects reported more hunger and less fullness after consumption of LEs stabilized with MC and CNCs which were able to limit satiation responses. We do not find evidence for the widely postulated ileal brake, i.e. that delivery of undigested nutrients to the ileum triggers increased satiation. On the contrary, we find decreased satiation for LEs that are able to delay lipolysis. No differences in food intake were observed 5 h after LE consumption. In conclusion, LE interfacial design modulates in vivo digestion and satiation response in humans. In particular, Pickering LEs show extraordinary capability to prevent lipolysis and qualify as oral delivery systems for lipophilic nutrients and drugs

Surgical fixation of distal ulna neck and head fractures

Objectives: Distal ulna plate fixation for ulnar neck and head fractures (excluding ulnar styloid fractures) aims to anatomically reduce the distal ulna fracture (DUF) by open reduction and internal fixation, while obtaining a stable construct allowing functional rehabilitation without need for cast immobilization. Indications: Severe displacement, angulation or translation, as well as unstable or intra-articular fractures. Furthermore, multiple trauma or young patients in need of quick functional rehabilitation. Contraindications: Inability to surgically address concomitant ipsilateral extremity fractures, thus, limiting early active rehabilitation. Stable, nondisplaced fractures. Need for bridging plate or external fixator of distal radiocarpal joint. Surgical technique: An ulnar approach, with a straight incision between the extensor and flexor carpi ulnaris. Preservation of the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve. Reduction and plate fixation with avoidance of plate impingement in the articular zone. Postoperative management: Postoperatively, an elastic bandage is applied for the first 24–48 h. In isolated DUF with stable fixation, a postoperative splint is often unnecessary and should be avoided. For the first four weeks, only light weightbearing of everyday activities is allowed to protect the osteosynthesis. Thereafter, heavier weightbearing and activities are allowed and can be increased as tolerated. Results: The best available evidence likely shows that for younger patients with a DUF, with or without concomitant distal radius fractures, open reduction and internal fixation can be safely achieved with good functional outcome and acceptable union and complication rates as long as proper technique is ensured

Blocking Gastric Lipase Adsorption and Displacement Processes with Viscoelastic Biopolymer Adsorption Layers

International audienc

Blocking Gastric Lipase Adsorption and Displacement Processes with Viscoelastic Biopolymer Adsorption Layers

International audienc

National Survey of Fertility Barriers: Methodology Report for Wave 1

This methodology report provides information on the first wave of the National Survey of Fertility Barriers (NSFB). This nationally representative telephone survey of women age 25-45 was funded by grant R01-HD044144 from the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) entitled “Infertility: Pathways and Psychological Outcomes.” Professor Lynn K. White was the Principal Investigator for the first two years of the project. Following her retirement, Professor David R. Johnson assumed this role. The survey was conducted between 2004 and 2007 and includes completed interviews with 4,712 women age 25 to 45 and 936 of their partners. The data were collected by the Survey Research Center at The Pennsylvania State University and the Bureau of Sociological Research at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The Bureau of Sociological Research is currently in the field re-interviewing the respondents three years after their initial interview. The field work on the second wave is not expected to be completed until the end of 2009. The documentation in this report is directed towards researchers who are interested in conducting analyses of the public release version of these data. The data are being released and are archived with the Population Research Institute at Penn State University. Inquiries about the NSFB should be directed to the study Principal Investigator Professor David R. Johnson at Penn State University ([email protected]) or to Professor Julia McQuillan, a project investigator at the University of Nebraska ([email protected]). Contents Research Procedures Study Design and Sample Selection The Survey Interview Schedules Obtaining Interviews and Response Rate Analysis Representativeness and Calculation of Sample Weights Management of the Study Appendices: A. Proposal B. Letters Sent to Respondents C. Survey Interview Schedules and Frequencies D. Planned Missing Design Information E. Response Rate Formulas and Calculations F. Interviewer Guides G. Responses to Open-ended Questions H. Constructed Variables Glossary and Sample Syntax I. List of Variables in the Data File J. Comparisons with Select External Measures K. Imputation of Planned Missing Dat

Enabling High Power Density Fuel Cells by Evaporative Cooling with Advanced Porous Media

Despite being a promising technology for automotive applications, polymer electrolyte fuel cells still face challenges to reduce their complexity and cost. One challenge is to achieve good humidification, which is essential for a fuel cell membrane, without expensive external humidifiers. Here we present an evaporative cooling concept that manages humidification and cooling simultaneously, and does not require any additional layer to the structure of the cell. To this aim, water flows in the fuel cell itself through a small number of the flowfields’ channels. Modified gas diffusion layers, with separate parallel hydrophilic regions, are capable of wicking the water from these supply channels and bring it in contact to the gas flow to evaporate, thus providing cooling and humidification. Our results show that this concept can provide the necessary cooling power and humidification for a cell with completely dry inlet gases at 80 °C, and has the potential for working at higher temperatures.</jats:p

Novel concept for evaporative cooling of fuel cells: an experimental study based on neutron imaging

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC), although a promising technology for carbon free production of electricity, are penalized by system complexity, partly due to cooling and humidifying systems. These systems are necessary to avoid the heating up and drying of the membrane, which stop the electrochemical reaction. Here, we present an evaporative cooling concept for PEFC developed at Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). Unlike other concepts, our approach does not require any additional layer in the cell structure. Water flows through dedicated anode flowfield channels, parallel to the gas channels, and is distributed over the cell area thanks to a modified gas diffusion layer (GDL). A synthesis method developed at Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) transforms some portions of the GDL into hydrophilic patterns, which wick the water from the supply channels at low capillary pressure. These hydrophilic areas, parallel and equally spaced, define pathways for liquid water separated from the gases, which avoids flooding. A test cell was built to investigate both water transport with the help of neutron radiography and heat transport thanks to integrated heat flux sensors. Here, we will present how the evaporation can be controlled by the mass flow rates, temperatures, pressures of gases, and the geometry of the hydrophilic lines