ICAR: endoscopic skull‐base surgery

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Chemical cleaning of iron and nickel single crystal surfaces and the removal of wall contaminants in ultrahigh vacuum systems by nitric oxide

In this note we describe chemical cleaning procedures using exposures of NO, O2, and H2 on iron {112} and nickel {110} single crystal specimens which were subsequently used for ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) gas adsorption studies. The rationale for applying chemical cleaning rather than extensive ion etching cycles is to deplete the bulk of the materials of dissolved impurities more efficiently and to avoid or reduce ion induced damaging of the single crystal surfaces. We also describe our procedure to reduce wall contaminants in UHV systems by flowing nitric oxide through the system during bakeout, and the protection of single crystal specimens against bulk contamination by nitriding the samples with ammonia prior to exposure to air

Chemical cleaning of metal surfaces in vacuum systems by exposure to reactive gases

Chemical surface cleaning procedures for metals using oxidation/reduction cycles by exposure to oxidizing (O2, NO) and reducing (H2, NH3 ) gases are summarized and an update of the original compilation for chemical cleaning procedures published by Musket et al. [Appl. Surf. Sci. 10, 143 (1982)] is given. Examples discussed in this paper are cleaning procedures for iron, nickel, palladium, copper, and silver surfaces. We also present data on the reduction of gaseous contaminants in a stainless‐steel UHV system by flowing nitric oxide through the system during bakeout

Co-existence of obstructive sleep apnea and primary open angle

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition characterized by repetitive collapse of upper airway during sleep. The associated hypoxemia characteristic of OSA may lead to sporadic perfusion abnormalities of the optic nerve and subsequent glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Objectives: To assess the possible co-existence of OSA and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and to find out to what extent this may differ by the site of primary referral. Methods: Two groups of patients were involved; group 1: sixteen patients with a confirmed diagnosis of OSA recruited from the Chest Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, with no history suggestive of ophthalmological complaints, and group 2: fifteen patients with POAG referred from the glaucoma clinic. All patients were subjected to; full history taking, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, anthropometric measures, polysomnography (PSG), and ophthalmological examination. Results: Forty percent of patients presented from the glaucoma outpatient clinic had OSA as proved by PSG; 50% had mild OSA and 50% had moderate OSA, compared to patients with OSA who were primarily presented at the chest department and evaluated for POAG [(6.25%), p-value = 0.037]. The intraocular pressure among group 2 patients did not significantly differ between patients with and without OSA for the right and left eyes [(p-value = 0.78) and (p-value = 0.96), respectively]. Conclusion: The study supports the co-existence of OSA and POAG and highlights the great need for physician awareness. Accurate assessment is needed taking into consideration the serious effects of untreated OSA on the optic nerve

Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease on and without dialysis

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a newly recognized disease in patients with renal disease. In a recent review, the prevalence of PHT in ESRD patients was reported to be around 40–50%. Aim of the work: To evaluate the prevalence of primary pulmonary hypertension among CKD patients on and without dialysis and to compare clinical, hemodynamic, and metabolic variables among patients with and without PH to search for possible etiologic factors. Patients and methods: Our study included 99 CKD patients; 65 patients on hemodialysis, 12 on peritoneal dialysis and 22 on conservative management. Detailed medical history, examination, and complete laboratory investigations were obtained. Systolic PAP, EF% and cardiac output were evaluated by Doppler echocardiography and AVF flow by Doppler ultrasound. Results: A high prevalence of pulmonary hypertension was demonstrated among 27 patients (41.53%) receiving long-term hemodialysis with a mean systolic PAP of 49.33 ± 9.18 mmHg; as well as in two patients (16.66%) receiving peritoneal dialysis 43 ± 1.41 mmHg, and in five patients ((22.72%) receiving conservative management 44.8 ± 5.89 mmHg. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high prevalence of pulmonary hypertension among patients with CKD on and without dialysis. The prevalence was highest among patients with ESRD receiving long-term hemodialysis (41.53%) especially in patients with older age, longer duration of dialysis treatment, higher AV fistula flow, cardiac output

Kidneys of chromium treated rats.

<p>Showing A) Swelling of the tubular lining epithelium with variable degrees of granular and vacuolar degeneration and single cell necrosis(H&E X400). B) Wide spread nuclear pyknosis among the tubular epithelium (H&E X400). C) Atrophy of the glomerular tufts with mesangeal necrosis (H&E X400). D) Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (PAS X400). E) Interstitial nephritis, notice the congested blood vessels and focal mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates (H&E X400). F) Proliferative hyperplasia of the renal tubular epithelium that appeared basophilic with vesicular and basophilic nuclei (H&E X200).</p

The effect of SDD, spirulina and their co administration on serum urea and creatinine levels of all treated groups.

<p>The effect of SDD, spirulina and their co administration on serum urea and creatinine levels of all treated groups.</p

The effect of SDD, spirulina and their co-administration on body weight gain of all treated groups.

<p>The effect of SDD, spirulina and their co-administration on body weight gain of all treated groups.</p