Effectiveness of tissue culture media components on the growth and development of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis) seedling explants in vitro

A key factor in the application of in vitro techniques to cauliflower improvement is the development of efficient protocols for regeneration of plants from tissue for use in breeding programs for the selection of the desirable genotypes under biotic and abiotic stress. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of different media components (agar or agar + sucrose or agar + Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts or agar + sucrose + MS) on callus induction and regeneration from five explants types (cotyledon, hypocotyls, shoot apex, primary root and root tip) and also the effects of auxin and cytokinin were carried out using one F1 hybrid cauliflower cv. Medallion. The results show that cotyledons, mid roots and root apices grown on agar + MS + sugar were the most developed compared with explants on the other media. This medium was the most productive in terms of lateral root number and root length. The presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid increased callus production compared to 6-benzylamino purine. Within the selected explants, a significant difference was indicated between different explants under different treatments. Liquid culture was more successful at producing viable plantlets than solid culture.Key words: Cauliflower, explants, in vitro, growth regulator, growth characters, solid and liquid culture

On the solvability of a nonlinear functional integral equations via measure of noncompactness in

Using the technique of a suitable measure of non-compactness and the Darbo fixed point theorem, we investigate the existence of a nonlinear functional integral equation of Urysohn type in the space of Lebesgue integrable functions Lp(RN). In this space, we show that our functional-integral equation has at least one solution. Finally, an example is also discussed to indicate the natural realizations of our abstract result

Discontinuous solutions of delay fractional integral equation via measures of noncompactness

This article considers the existence and the uniqueness of monotonic solutions of a delay functional integral equation of fractional order in the weighted Lebesgue space $L_1^N({\mathbb{R}}^+)$. Our analysis uses a suitable measure of noncompactness, a modified version of Darbo's fixed point theorem, and fractional calculus in the mentioned space. An illustrated example to show the applicability and significance of our outcomes is included

On integrable and approximate solutions for Hadamard fractional quadratic integral equations

This article addressed the integrable and approximate solutions of Hadamard-type fractional Gripenberg's equation in Lebesgue spaces $L_1[1, e]$. It is well known that the Gripenberg's equation has significant applications in mathematical biology. By utilizing the fixed point (FPT) approach and the measure of noncompactness (MNC), we demonstrated the presence of monotonic integrable solutions as well as the uniqueness of the solution for the studied equation in spaces that are not Banach algebras. Moreover, the method of successive approximations was successfully applied and, as a result, we obtained the approximate solutions for these integral equations. To validate the obtained results, we provided several numerical examples

An Investigation of Gene Action on Different Traits of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Using Partial Diallel Crosses System

Abstract: The present study was carried out to investigate the genetic structure of 10 hybrids generated by crossing five cultivars of barley with their first (F 1 ) and Second (F 2 ) progeny in growing season 2011-2012 to evaluate these genotypes under normal (0.0 g l -1 sea salt) and salinity stress (7 g l -1 sea salt) conditions in form of randomized complete block design with three replications in a half diallel fashion. The studied traits included spike length (cm), no. of kernels/spike, no. of spikelets/spike, no. of spikes/plants, chlorophyll a, b contents, calcium and magnesium content. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes (5 parents + 10 F 1 's+ 10 F 2 's) and for all the studied traits, except chlorophyll b. The results showed that components additive and dominance effects of genes were significant for all studied traits. The estimated value of average degree of dominance (H 1 /D) 0.5 revealed that non-additive genetic effects was more pronounced in the inheritance of the chlorophyll a, b contents, calcium and magnesium in all the two generations (F 1 and F 2 crosses) and spike length (cm), no. of kernels/spike, no. of spikelets/spike and no. of spikes/plants for F 1 crosses. . On contrary, additive genetic effects was evident for spike length (cm), no. of kernels/spike, no. of spikelets/spike and no. of spikes/plants for F 2 crosses. The traits including, chlorophyll a, b and calcium were controlled by over dominance in all the two generations (F 1 and F 2 crosses). The traits including spike length (cm), no. of kernels/spike, no. of spikelets/spike and no. of spikes/plants controlled by over dominance in F 1 crosses and partial dominance in F 2 .While, magnesium were controlled by partial dominance effects of genes. The genetic component (H 2 ) was recorded with low magnitude than (H 1 ) for all traits in both F 1 and F 2 under 0.0 and 7 gl -1 sea salt. The f value was positive for most traits of F 1 and F 2 generations, while it was negative for magnesium in both of F 1 and F 2 generations in all cases of sea salt treatments. The narrow sense heritability was high to moderate for most the studied traits. Moreover, the lowest value was also detected in some cases

Signaling via interleukin-4, receptor alpha chain is required for successful vaccination against schistosomiasis in BALB/c mice

Radiation-attenuated (RA) schistosome larvae are potent stimulators of innate immune responses at the skin site of exposure (pinna) that are likely to be important factors in the development of Th1-mediated protective immunity. In addition to causing an influx of neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) into the dermis, RA larvae induced a cascade of chemokine and cytokine secretion following in vitro culture of pinna biopsy samples. While macrophage inflammatory protein 1 and interleukin-1 (IL-1) were produced transiently within the first few days, the Th1-promoting cytokines IL-12 and IL-18 were secreted at high levels until at least day 14. Assay of C3H/HeJ mice confirmed that IL-12 secretion was not due to lipopolysaccharide contaminants binding Toll-like receptor 4. Significantly, IL-12 p40 secretion was sustained in pinnae from vaccinated mice but not in those from nonprotected infected mice. In contrast, IL-10 was produced from both vaccinated and infected mice. This cytokine regulates IL-12-associated dermal inflammation, since in vaccinated IL-10/ mice, pinna thickness was greatly increased concurrent with elevated levels of IL-12 p40. A significant number of IL-12 p40 cells were detected as emigrants from in vitro-cultured pinnae, and most were within a population of rare large granular cells that were Ia, consistent with their being antigen-presenting cells. Labeling of IL-12 cells for CD11c, CD205, CD8, CD11b, and F4/80 indicated that the majority were myeloid DCs, although a proportion were CD11c F4/80, suggesting that macrophages were an additional source of IL-12 in the skin

Tamarindus indica Extract Alters Release of Alpha Enolase, Apolipoprotein A-I, Transthyretin and Rab GDP Dissociation Inhibitor Beta from HepG2 Cells

Background: The plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol lowering effects of Tamarindus indica extract have been previously described. We have also shown that the methanol extract of T. indica fruit pulp altered the expression of lipid-associated genes including ABCG5 and APOAI in HepG2 cells. In the present study, effects of the same extract on the release of proteins from the cells were investigated using the proteomics approach. Methodology/Principal Findings: When culture media of HepG2 cells grown in the absence and presence of the methanol extract of T. indica fruit pulp were subjected to 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the expression of seven proteins was found to be significantly different (p<0.03125). Five of the spots were subsequently identified as alpha enolase (ENO1), transthyretin (TTR), apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I; two isoforms), and rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta (GDI-2). A functional network of lipid metabolism, molecular transport and small molecule biochemistry that interconnects the three latter proteins with the interactomes was identified using the Ingenuity Pathways Analysis software. Conclusion/Significance: The methanol extract of T. indica fruit pulp altered the release of ENO1, ApoA-I, TTR and GDI-2 from HepG2 cells. Our results provide support on the effect of T. indica extract on cellular lipid metabolism, particularly that of cholesterol

Hemokinin-1 Gene Expression Is Upregulated in Microglia Activated by Lipopolysaccharide through NF-κB and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways

The mammalian tachykinins, substance P (SP) and hemokinin-1 (HK-1), are widely distributed throughout the nervous system and/or peripheral organs, and function as neurotransmitters or chemical modulators by activating their cognate receptor NK1. The TAC1 gene encoding SP is highly expressed in the nervous system, while the TAC4 gene encoding HK-1 is uniformly expressed throughout the body, including a variety of peripheral immune cells. Since TAC4 mRNA is also expressed in microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, HK-1 may be involved in the inflammatory processes mediated by these cells. In the present study, we found that TAC4, rather than TAC1, was the predominant tachykinin gene expressed in primary cultured microglia. TAC4 mRNA expression was upregulated in the microglia upon their activation by lipopolysaccharide, a well-characterized Toll-like receptor 4 agonist, while TAC1 mRNA expression was downregulated. Furthermore, both nuclear factor-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase intracellular signaling pathways were required for the upregulation of TAC4 mRNA expression, but not for the downregulation of TAC1 mRNA expression. These findings suggest that HK-1, rather than SP, plays dominant roles in the pathological conditions associated with microglial activation, such as neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders