Screening in gated bilayer graphene via variational calculus

We analyze the response of bilayer graphene to an external transverse electric field using a variational method. A previous attempt to do so in a recent paper by Falkovsky [Phys. Rev. B 80, 113413 (2009)] is shown to be flawed. Our calculation reaffirms the original results obtained by one of us [E. McCann, Phys. Rev. B 74, 161403(R) (2006)] by a different method. Finally, we generalize these original results to describe a dual-gated bilayer graphene device.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

Asymmetry gap in the electronic band structure of bilayer graphene.

A tight binding model is used to calculate the band structure of bilayer graphene in the presence of a potential difference between the layers that opens a gap U between the conduction and valence bands. In particular, a self consistent Hartree approximation is used to describe imperfect screening of an external gate, employed primarily to control the density n of electrons on the bilayer, resulting in a potential difference between the layers and a density dependent gap U(n). We discuss the influence of a finite asymmetry gap U(0) at zero excess density, caused by the screening of an additional transverse electric field, on observations of the quantum Hall effect

Uniform Density Theorem for the Hubbard Model

A general class of hopping models on a finite bipartite lattice is considered, including the Hubbard model and the Falicov-Kimball model. For the half-filled band, the single-particle density matrix \uprho (x,y) in the ground state and in the canonical and grand canonical ensembles is shown to be constant on the diagonal $x=y$, and to vanish if $x \not=y$ and if $x$ and $y$ are on the same sublattice. For free electron hopping models, it is shown in addition that there are no correlations between sites of the same sublattice in any higher order density matrix. Physical implications are discussed.Comment: 15 pages, plaintex, EHLMLRJM-22/Feb/9

On orbit validation of solar sailing control laws with thin-film spacecraft

Many innovative approaches to solar sail mission and trajectory design have been proposed over the years, but very few ever have the opportunity to be validated on orbit with real spacecraft. Thin- Film Spacecraft/Lander/Rovers (TF-SL Rs) are a new class of very low cost, low mass space vehicle which are ideal for inexpensively and quickly testing in flight new approaches to solar sailing. This paper describes using TF- SLR based micro solar sails to implement a generic solar sail test bed on orbit. TF -SLRs are high area- to-mass ratio (A/m) spacecraft developed for very low cost consumer and scientific deep space missions. Typically based on a 5 μm or thinner metalised substrate, they include an integrated avionics and payload system -on-chip (SoC) die bonded to the substrate with passive components and solar cells printed or deposited by Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD). The avionics include UHF/S- band transceivers, processors, storage, sensors and attitude control provided by integrated magnetorquers and reflectivity control devices. Resulting spacecraft have a typical thickness of less than 50 μm, are 80 mm in diameter, and have a mass of less than 100 mg resulting in sail loads of less than 20 g/m 2 . TF -SLRs are currently designed for direct dispensing in swarms from free flying 0.5U Interplanetary CubeSats or dispensers attached to launch vehicles. Larger 160 mm, 320 mm and 640 mm diameter TF -SLRs utilizing a CubeSat compatible TWIST deployment mechanism that maintains the high A/m ratio are also under development. We are developing a mission to demonstrate the utility of these devices as a test bed for experimenting with a variety of mission designs and control laws. Batches of up to one hundred TF- SLRs will be released on earth escape trajectories, with each batch executing a heterogeneous or homogenous mixture of control laws and experiments. Up to four releases at different points in orbit are currently envisaged with experiments currently being studied in MATLAB and GMA T including managing the rate of separation of individual spacecraft, station keeping and single deployment/substantially divergent trajectory development. It is also hoped to be able to demonstrate uploading new experiment designs while in orbit and to make this capability available to researchers around the world. A suitable earth escape mission is currently being sought and it is hoped the test bed could be on orbit in 2017/18

Time delay and integration detectors using charge transfer devices

An imaging system comprises a multi-channel matrix array of CCD devices wherein a number of sensor cells (pixels) in each channel are subdivided and operated in discrete intercoupled groups of subarrays with a readout CCD shift register terminating each end of the channels. Clock voltages, applied to the subarrays, selectively cause charge signal flow in each subarray in either direction independent of the other subarrays. By selective application of four phase clock voltages, either one, two or all three of the sections subarray sections cause charge signal flow in one direction, while the remainder cause charge signal flow in the opposite direction. This creates a form of selective electronic exposure control which provides an effective variable time delay and integration of three, six or nine sensor cells or integration stages. The device is constructed on a semiconductor sustrate with a buried channel and is adapted for front surface imaging through transparent doped tin oxide gates

Pension funds and socially-responsible investment in corporate debt securities: an empirical investigation

This paper examines the extent of socially-responsible investment conducted by pension funds in corporate debt securities. Behavioural theories of the firms suggest a link between corporate social responsibility and business risk, particularly over the longer-term. Therefore, institutions such as pension funds with a longer-term investment horizon should be more likely to engage in socially-responsible investment compared to investment funds with a short-term horizon. Using data on the holdings by pension funds and investment funds of debt securities issued by North American and European companies, we investigate whether there are any differences in the treatment of corporate social performance by these different institutional groups in their holdings of corporate debt securities. Our results show no significant difference in the corporate social performance of the borrowers whose securities both pension funds and investment funds hold. In addition, our findings indicate that both investment groups reflect broader environmental, social and governance factors in their debt market investments with corporate social performance having a significant impact on credit spreads for securities. However, pension funds place greater weight on social and environmental factors compared to investment funds when pricing debt securities. Our analysis demonstrates that financial flows in debt markets are influenced by social and environmental factors and that pension funds are a key conduit. Consequently, capital allocation decisions by pension funds could play an important role in changing corporate behaviour to achieve more sustainable outcomes

Distributed Optimization in Energy Harvesting Sensor Networks with Dynamic In-network Data Processing

Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks (EH- WSNs) have been attracting increasing interest in recent years. Most current EH-WSN approaches focus on sensing and net- working algorithm design, and therefore only consider the energy consumed by sensors and wireless transceivers for sensing and data transmissions respectively. In this paper, we incorporate CPU-intensive edge operations that constitute in-network data processing (e.g. data aggregation/fusion/compression) with sens- ing and networking; to jointly optimize their performance, while ensuring sustainable network operation (i.e. no sensor node runs out of energy). Based on realistic energy and network models, we formulate a stochastic optimization problem, and propose a lightweight on-line algorithm, namely Recycling Wasted Energy (RWE), to solve it. Through rigorous theoretical analysis, we prove that RWE achieves asymptotical optimality, bounded data queue size, and sustainable network operation. We implement RWE on a popular IoT operating system, Contiki OS, and eval- uate its performance using both real-world experiments based on the FIT IoT-LAB testbed, and extensive trace-driven simulations using Cooja. The evaluation results verify our theoretical analysis, and demonstrate that RWE can recycle more than 90% wasted energy caused by battery overflow, and achieve around 300% network utility gain in practical EH-WSNs

The role of the bidding process in the corporate governance of bidding firms: the case of abandoned acquisitions

This thesis is structured around an empirical investigation of the experience of bidding firms in abandoned acquisitions. Existing research suggests that, in certain circumstances, abandoned acquisitions may play a governance role, disciplining bidder managers for proposing acquisitions which reduce shareholder wealth. However, there has been little work analysing how, and in what circumstances, abandoned acquisitions perform this governance role. This research addresses this gap, by investigating the causal mechanisms of abandoned acquisitions and their aftermath. The thesis develops an innovative, multi-dimensional conceptual framework, blending existing theories of acquisitions and corporate governance. This framework guides the empirical investigation, which uses the causal process tracing (CPT) method, not previously adopted in this field. The work builds cumulatively, to analyse the causal mechanisms, in cases of abandoned acquisitions, involving UK bidding firms. To enhance the identification of the nature of the impact of abandonment on bidding firms; disciplinary or otherwise, a different conceptualisation of the post-abandonment experience of bidding firms is adopted