Eosinophilic Enteritis Confined to an Ileostomy Site

Eosinophilic enteritis is a rather rare condition that can manifest anywhere from esophagus to rectum. Its description in the literature is sparse, but associations have been made with collagen vascular disease, malignancy, food allergy, parasitic or viral infections, inflammatory bowel disease, and drug sensitivity. We present the case of a 41-year-old male diagnosed with ulcerative colitis who underwent proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis and loop ileostomy formation utilizing Seprafilm®, who later developed eosinophilic enteritis of the loop ileostomy site. This is the first report of eosinophilic enteritis and its possible link to the use of bioabsorbable adhesion barriers

Metabolic recovery of Arabidopsis thaliana roots following cessation of oxidative stress

To cope with the various environmental stresses resulting in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production plant metabolism is known to be altered specifically under different stresses. After overcoming the stress the metabolism should be reconfigured to recover basal operation however knowledge concerning how this is achieved is cursory. To investigate the metabolic recovery of roots following oxidative stress, changes in metabolite abundance and carbon flow were analysed. Arabidopsis roots were treated by menadione to elicit oxidative stress. Roots were fed with 13C labelled glucose and the redistribution of isotope was determined in order to study carbon flow. The label redistribution through many pathways such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and amino acid metabolism were reduced under oxidative stress. After menadione removal many of the stress-related changes reverted back to basal levels. Decreases in amounts of hexose phosphates, malate, 2-oxoglutarate, glutamate and aspartate were fully recovered or even increased to above the control level. However, some metabolites such as pentose phosphates and citrate did not recover but maintained their levels or even increased further. The alteration in label redistribution largely correlated with that in metabolite abundance. Glycolytic carbon flow reverted to the control level only 18 h after menadione removal although the TCA cycle and some amino acids such as aspartate and glutamate took longer to recover. Taken together, plant root metabolism was demonstrated to be able to overcome menadione-induced oxidative stress with the differential time period required by independent pathways suggestive of the involvement of pathway specific regulatory processes

A simple mechanism for the establishment of C2‐specific gene expression in Brassicaceae

The transition of C3, via C2&nbsp;towards C4&nbsp;photosynthesis is an important example of stepwise evolution of a complex genetic trait. A common feature that was gradually emphasized during this trajectory is the evolution of a CO2&nbsp;concentration mechanism around Rubisco. In C2&nbsp;plants, this mechanism is based on tissue‐specific accumulation of glycine decarboxylase (GDC) in bundle sheath (BS) cells, relative to global expression in the cells of C3&nbsp;leaves. This limits photorespiratory CO2&nbsp;release to BS cells. Because BS cells are surrounded by photosynthetically active mesophyll cells, this arrangement enhances the probability of re‐fixation of CO2. The restriction of GDC to BS cells was mainly achieved by confinement of its P‐subunit (GLDP). Here, we provide a mechanism for the establishment of C2‐type gene expression by studying the upstream sequences of C3&nbsp;Gldp&nbsp;genes in&nbsp;Arabidopsis thaliana. Deletion of 59&nbsp;bp in the upstream region of&nbsp;AtGldp1&nbsp;restricted expression of a reporter gene to BS cells and the vasculature without affecting diurnal variation. This region was named the &lsquo;M box&rsquo;. Similar results were obtained for the&nbsp;AtGldp2&nbsp;gene. Fusion of the M box to endogenous or exogenous promoters supported mesophyll expression. Nucleosome densities at the M box were low, suggesting an open chromatin structure facilitating transcription factor binding.&nbsp;In silico&nbsp;analysis defined a possible consensus for the element that was conserved across the Brassicaceae, but not in&nbsp;Moricandia nitens, a C2&nbsp;plant. Collective results provide evidence that a simple mutation is sufficient for establishment of C2‐specific gene expression in a C3&nbsp;plant.</p

Proteins of diverse function and subcellular location are lysine acetylated in Arabidopsis

Acetylation of the ε-amino group of lysine (Lys) is a reversible posttranslational modification recently discovered to be widespread, occurring on proteins outside the nucleus, in most subcellular locations in mammalian cells. Almost nothing is known about this modification in plants beyond the well-studied acetylation of histone proteins in the nucleus. Here, we report that Lys acetylation in plants also occurs on organellar and cytosolic proteins. We identified 91 Lys-acetylated sites on 74 proteins of diverse functional classes. Furthermore, our study suggests that Lys acetylation may be an important posttransitional modification in the chloroplast, since four Calvin cycle enzymes were acetylated. The plastid-encoded large subunit of Rubisco stands out because of the large number of acetylated sites occurring at important Lys residues that are involved in Rubisco tertiary structure formation and catalytic function. Using the human recombinant deacetylase sirtuin 3, it was demonstrated that Lys deacetylation significantly affects Rubisco activity as well as the activities of other central metabolic enzymes, such as the Calvin cycle enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase, the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme malate dehydrogenase. Our results demonstrate that Lys acetlyation also occurs on proteins outside the nucleus in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and that Lys acetylation could be important in the regulation of key metabolic enzymes

Role of Lon1 protease in post-germinative growth and maintenance of mitochondrial function in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Maintenance of protein quality control and turnover is essential for cellular homeostasis. In plant organelles this biological process is predominantly performed by ATP-dependent proteases. Here, a genetic screen was performed that led to the identification of Arabidopsis thaliana Lon1 protease mutants that exhibit a post-embryonic growth retardation phenotype. Translational fusion to yellow fluorescent protein revealed AtLon1 subcellular localization in plant mitochondria, and the AtLon1 gene could complement the respiratory-deficient phenotype of the yeast PIM1 gene homolog. AtLon1 is highly expressed in rapidly growing plant organs of embryonic origin, including cotyledons and primary roots, and in inflorescences, which have increased mitochondria numbers per cell to fulfill their high energy requirements. In lon1 mutants, the expression of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes encoding respiratory proteins was normal. However, mitochondria isolated from lon1 mutants had a lower capacity for respiration of succinate and cytochrome c via complexes II and IV, respectively. Furthermore, the activity of key enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was significantly reduced. Additionally, mitochondria in lon1 mutants had an aberrant morphology. These results shed light on the developmental mechanisms of selective proteolysis in plant mitochondria and suggest a critical role for AtLon1 protease in organelle biogenesis and seedling establishment

Arabidopsis Nonsymbiotic Hemoglobin AHb1 Modulates Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

Nitric oxide (NO) is a widespread signaling molecule, and numerous targets of its action exist in plants. Whereas the activity of NO in erythrocytes, microorganisms, and invertebrates has been shown to be regulated by several hemoglobins, the function of plant hemoglobins in NO detoxification has not yet been elucidated. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana nonsymbiotic hemoglobin AHb1 scavenges NO through production of S-nitrosohemoglobin and reduces NO emission under hypoxic stress, indicating its role in NO detoxification. However, AHb1 does not affect NO-mediated hypersensitive cell death in response to avirulent Pseudomonas syringae, suggesting that it is not involved in the removal of NO bursts originated from acute responses when NO mediates crucial defense signaling functions

The synergistic antibacterial effect of gymura procumbens (longevity spinach) and samanea saman (rain tree) aqueous crude leaf extracts on staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli

Samanea saman (rain tree) and gynura procumbens (longevity spinach) are herbaceous, perennial medicinal plants which have plenty benefits to one\u27s health. Recent studies proved that both plants have an antibacterial property against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria at a large concentration. The antibacterial activity of both plants at a smaller concentration level of 2.5mg/mL where 2.5mg is the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in 1mL of water and their combined extracts was investigated through Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against two bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Individual plants at their varying comcnetrations of 100%, 50% and 25% and their combined extract showed no inhibition against both organisms. This study concludes that at a small concentration, individual plants and their combined extracts have no antibacterial effect. Thus, the use of larger dose or higher concentration is recommended