Uso de los otogramas en el sistema probatorio penal

The othograms, impressions, imprints or traces of ear, have been admitted as evidence in the Spanish criminal proceedings at the beginning of the 21st century. Previous studies sized ears using subjective elements with the disadvantage that two researchers could be classified differently the same ear or its mark. The problem with the tracks has been fixed by introducing a classification method as it exists also in dactiloscopy. This method of identification is today in development and an improvement in the development of its results can be observed. In this article we have studied 150 othogramas (75 of each ear) with the system of classification of the Diego- Da Silva-Curiel. Used othogramas were obtained from the file of the Brigade Provincial Valladolid scientific police and the Commissioner of the national body of police Miguel Angel de Diego. We have studied the sentences of the Spanish courts where the othograma as evidence has been used in the process.Los otogramas, impresiones, improntas o huellas de oreja, han sido admitidos como prueba en el proceso penal español a principios del siglo XXI. Estudios anteriores clasificaron las orejas utilizando elementos subjetivos con el inconveniente que dos investigadores podrían clasificar de forma diferente la misma oreja o su huella. El problema respecto a las huellas ha sido solucionado introduciendo un método de clasificación como existe también en dactiloscopia. Este método de identificación está hoy en día en desarrollo y se puede observar una mejora en el desarrollo de sus resultados. En este artículo hemos estudiado 150 otogramas (75 de cada oreja) con el sistema de clasificación Del Diego-Da Silva-Curiel. Los otogramas usados fueron obtenidos del archivo de la Brigada Provincial de Policía Científica de Valladolid y del Comisario del Cuerpo Nacional de Policía Miguel Ángel Del Diego. Hemos estudiado las sentencias de los Tribunales españoles donde se ha usado el otograma como prueba en el proceso

TLR4-Binding DNA Aptamers Show a Protective Effect against Acute Stroke in Animal Models.

Since Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates brain damage after stroke, development of TLR4 antagonists is a promising therapeutic strategy for this disease. Our aim was to generate TLR4-blocking DNA aptamers to be used for stroke treatment. From a random oligonucleotide pool, we identified two aptamers (ApTLR#1R, ApTLR#4F) with high affinity for human TLR4 by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Optimized truncated forms (ApTLR#1RT, ApTLR#4FT) were obtained. Our data demonstrate specific binding of both aptamers to human TLR4 as well as a TLR4 antagonistic effect. ApTLR#4F and ApTLR#4FT showed a long-lasting protective effect against brain injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), an effect that was absent in TLR4-deficient mice. Similar effects were obtained in other MCAO models, including in rat. Additionally, efficacy of ApTLR#4FT in a model of brain ischemia-reperfusion in rat supports the use of this aptamer in patients undergoing artery recanalization induced by pharmacological or mechanical interventions. The absence of major toxicology aspects and the good safety profile of the aptamers further encourage their future clinical positioning for stroke therapy and possibly other diseases in which TLR4 plays a deleterious role