Present state of knowledge of the upper atmosphere 1988: An assessment report

This document was issued in response to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, Public Law 95-95, mandating that NASA and other key agencies submit biennial reports to Congress and EPA. NASA is to report on the state of our knowledge of the upper atmosphere, particularly the stratosphere. This is the sixth ozone assessment report submitted to Congress and the concerned regulatory agencies. Part 1 contains an outline of the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program and summaries of the research efforts supported during the last two years. An assessment is presented of the state of knowledge as of March 15, 1988 when the Ozone Trends Panel, organized by NASA and co-sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization, NOAA, FAA and the United Nations Environment Program released an executive summary of its findings from a critical in-depth study involving over 100 scientists from 12 countries. Chapter summaries of the International Ozone Trends Panel Report form the major part of this report. Two other sections are Model Predictions of Future Ozone Change and Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling. Each of these sections and the report in its entirety were peer reviewed

Present state of knowledge of the upper atmosphere 1990: An assessment report

NASA is charged with the responsibility to report on the state of the knowledge of the Earth's upper atmosphere, particularly the stratosphere. Part 1 of this report, issued earlier this year, summarized the objectives, status, and accomplishments of the research tasks supported under NASA's Upper Atmosphere Research Program during the last two years. New findings since the last report to Congress was issued in 1988 are presented. Several scientific assessments of the current understanding of the chemical composition and physical structure of the stratosphere are included, in particular how the abundance and distribution of ozone is predicted to change in the future. These reviews include: a summary of the most recent international assessment of stratospheric ozone; a study of future chlorine and bromine loading of the atmosphere; a review of the photochemical and chemical kinetics data that are used as input parameters for the atmospheric models; a new assessment of the impact of Space Shuttle launches on the stratosphere; a summary of the environmental issues and needed research to evaluate the impact of the newly re-proposed fleet of stratospheric supersonic civil aircraft; and a list of the contributors to this report and the science assessments which have formed our present state of knowledge of the upper atmosphere and ozone depletion

Ultraviolet atomic emission detector

A device and method are provided for performing qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis through the utilization of a vacuum UV chromatographic detector. The method involves the use of a carrier gas at low pressure. The gas carries a sample to a gas chromatograph column; the column output is directed to a microwave cavity. In this cavity, a low pressure microwave discharge produces fragmentation of the compounds present and generates intense atomic emissions in the vacuum ultraviolet. These emissions are isolated by a monochromator and measured by photometer to establish absolute concentration for the elements

An absorption spectrum amplifier for determining gas composition

Compositions of gas samples are frequently studied by laser absorption spectroscopy. Sensitivity is improved by two orders of magnitude when absorption cell is placed inside an organic-dye laser cavity

Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling. Evaluation number 6

Evaluated sets of rate constants and photochemical cross sections are presented. The primary application of the data is in the modeling of stratospheric processes, with particular emphasis on the ozone layer and its possible perturbation by anthropogenic and natural phenomena

Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling evaluation Number 8

This is the eighth in a series of evaluated sets of rate constants and photochemical cross sections compiled by the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation. The primary application of the data is in the modeling of stratospheric processes, with particular emphasis on the ozone layer and its possible perturbation by anthropogenic and natural phenomena. Copies of this evaluation are available from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Documentation Section, 111-116B, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91109

Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling

Rate constants and photochemical cross sections are presented. The primary application of the data is for modeling of the stratospheric processes, with particular emphasis on the ozone layer and its possible perturbation by anthropogenic and natural phenomena

Unified criteria of classification systems as a tool for mineral resources management

First classification systems of mineral raw material reserves and resources appeared in the beginning of the 20th century, which coincided with the mining development in the UK, Germany and the USA. Modern classifications of mineral raw materials and energy resources, their terminology, definitions and concepts have been developed and improved over the period of more than 40 years. Separate development of the most commonly used classifications has led to the emergence of various definitions and determinations of characteristics of the same or similar categories of mineral reserves and resources according to geological and technical-economic characteristics. Methodological approaches of “operational harmonization” (universal classifier) as a toolkit for resource management and investment analysis of deposits (subsoil areas) of solid (metallic and non-metallic) minerals have been suggested in the article including subsoil areas assessed according to the classifications of 1960 and 1981 and not involved in subsoil use. The performed analysis of the meaning of the main categories (classes, groups) of various classification systems makes it possible to identify and characterize features (criteria) that have a sufficient level of comparison and harmonization. It was established that the main differences of classification systems are related to the purpose and scope of their application, which is reflected in the number of categories and their definitions, and the requirements for the availability of permit documentation of various levels (approved project, land, ecology, etc.). A complex project of subsoil use has been classified, where primary and associated minerals and components, which are characterized by different degrees of knowledge, have been identified. In terms of this iron ore project, full consideration of all classification features of both separate component resources and the project as a whole has been recorded only when applying the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources