Reparable Harm: Assessing and Addressing Disparities Faced by Boys and Men of Color in California

The California Endowment commissioned this report to highlight the most glaring inequities in socioeconomics, health, safety, and education faced by African-American and Latino men and boys in the state. In addition to presenting the statistics on these indicators, the authors outline a framework for addressing the disparities at the individual, community, and macro levels

Insights into sulfur cycling at subduction zones from in-situ isotopic analysis of sulfides in high-pressure serpentinites and ‘hybrid’ samples from Alpine Corsica

Devolatilisation of serpentinites at depth in subduction zones contributes significant quantities of sulfur and other redox sensitive elements to the sub-arc mantle. However, the fate of sulfur in subducted serpentinites is poorly constrained. Textures of sulfur-bearing phases in subducted serpentinites are rarely studied, yet provide important information on the changes to sulfur distribution throughout the subduction cycle and as a result of fluid infiltration. d34S values of sulfides provide constraints on sulfur sources, the redox state of sulfur in the host mineral, and on processes that have occurred subsequent to sulfide crystallisation, including interaction with oxidised or reduced fluids. Therefore, it is possible to use d34S values in subducted serpentinites to constrain the redox state of sulfur in sulfides and subduction zone fluids. Furthermore, the proximity of serpentinites to ocean crust and metasediments may influence enrichment or depletion of34S during subduction relative to serpentinites distal to such lithologies. This study investigates the redox state, the likelihood of sulfur addition to the sub-arc mantle from serpentinite dehydration, and the distribution of sulfur within subducted serpentinites and ‘hybrid’ mafic/ultramafic rocks from Alpine Corsica. The techniques utilised include petrographic analysis, in-situ sulfur isotopic analysis and trace element analysis of sulfides hosted in these rocks. All sulfides investigated have high d34S values of 1.9–15.5‰ which suggests that mantle-derived sulfur (d34S ~0.1‰), was not the sole source of sulfur. The highest d34S values are recorded in pyrites of a hybrid mafic/ultramafic sample. High d34S values are preserved in sulfides attributed to prograde metamorphism, and is most consistent with the retention of sulfur derived from hydrothermal sulfate reduction on the seafloor. However, a shift towards higher d34S values in sulfides associated with the advanced stages of exhumation suggests that late stage exhumation enables enhanced access to slab-derived fluids bearing oxidised sulfur (SO42-or SO2). Such fluids may have been derived from the devolatilisation of serpentinite at greater depth, or from other lithologies

An investigation into the verb production of a man with aphasia: Evidence for a modality-specific deficit

This single case study of KB, a gentleman with acquired anomic aphasia, analyses his verb production in written and spoken description tasks and writing to dictation. In the data analysed, he produced main verbs accurately 96.5% of the time in his spoken descriptions while only 28.7% of the time in his written descriptions of the same picture or in the written version of the same task. KB omitted nearly half (47%) of the required main verbs in written tasks, in striking contrast to no verb omissions at all in spoken tasks. The lower percentage correct for verbs, coupled with the unique phenomenon of verb omissions in written output, provide strong evidence of a modality-specific verb deficit. The results are discussed with reference to semantic/conceptual, general syntactic, and Independent Networks (Caramazza, 1997) theories. In addition, a possible summation of phonological and/or orthographic information with semantic information is considered with respect to the error types produced. The evidence from this study does not support purely semantic explanations of noun/verb dissociations, and is consistent with the suggestion that there are separate processing routes from semantics to forms, for nouns and verbs

The challenges of long-term follow-up data collection in non-commercial, academically-led breast cancer clinical trials: the UK perspective

BACKGROUND: Improved survival rates in early breast cancer and the chronic nature of disease relapse result in a large cohort of patients being available for long-term follow-up (LTFUP) in randomised controlled trials. Whilst of recognised scientific value to assess long-term treatment-related sequelae, the volume of this activity can be challenging for trialists and participating sites, and comes at a considerable cost to research funders and the National Health Service (NHS). A National Cancer Research Institute Breast Clinical Studies Group supported project aimed to characterise UK LTFUP data collection procedures in order to propose improvements. METHODS: Protocols and case report forms for UK non-commercial National Institute for Health Research portfolio early breast cancer randomised controlled trials were reviewed and a questionnaire sent to associated participating NHS sites. Responders were asked to give opinions on issues with follow-up and LTFUP data collection procedures and to suggest potential improvements to practice. Results were used to inform design of a proposed standard LTFUP case report form. RESULTS: Thirty-four trials, involving eight Clinical Trials Units were eligible for inclusion in the review. All trials requested follow-up at least annually up to 5 years, with two-thirds requesting LTFUP after that time point. Information relating to efficacy endpoints was captured for all trials via case report forms; however, precise detail on recording of recurrence, second malignancies and death varied. Separately, questionnaires were returned from 66 NHS sites. Main concerns identified included difficulties in identifying all adverse events from hospital notes, volume of work, bureaucratic data management practices in Clinical Trials Units and perceptions of prioritisation of recruitment over follow-up. CONCLUSION: Variation has existed with respect to detail of LTFUP information requested for UK trials. Improved communication, simplification and standardisation of data and associated collection methods are possible without compromising data requirements for efficient and effective trial reporting. Future use of routinely collected data, captured via electronic means, could transform practices and alleviate resource usage. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-379) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Does preoperative axillary staging lead to overtreatment of women with screen detected breast cancer?

Aim To determine the impact of pre-operative axillary ultrasound staging in a screen detected breast cancer population Materials and Method Ultrasound and needle biopsy staging results alongside reference standard sentinel lymph node biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection were retrospectively extracted from the unit's computer records between 01/04/2008 and 31/03/2015. Axillary staging was compared with final pathology and treatment. Results Of the 215,661 screening examinations performed, 780 invasive cancers were diagnosed which had pre-operative axillary staging data, of which 162 (20.7%) were node positive. 36 (4.6%) had a heavy nodal burden (3 or more nodes). 90 (11.5%) had an abnormal axillary ultrasound and axillary biopsy of which 54 were positive for cancer (33.3% of the node positive cases) and triaged to axillary lymph node dissection avoiding a sentinel lymph node biopsy. Of these 22 (40.7%) had neoadjuvant treatment, and 32 (59.3%) proceeded directly to axillary lymph node dissection. The sensitivity of axillary ultrasound and biopsy to detect women with aheavy nodal burden (3 or more nodes) was 41.7% (15 of 36). However, 17 (53%) of the 32 women with a positive axillary biopsy had a low burden of axillary disease (≤2 positive nodes) at axillary lymph node dissection, the mean number of nodes obtained was 14.6. Conclusion Significant numbers of women are being potentially overtreated or denied entry into Positive Sentinel Node: adjuvant therapy only vs adjuvant therapy and clearance or axillary radiotherapy (POSNOC) because of routine pre-operative axillary staging

Short-term impacts of an unconditional cash transfer program on child schooling: Experimental evidence from Malawi.

This study analyzes the impact of a positive income shock on child schooling outcomes using experimental data from an unconditional cash transfer program in Malawi. Since households receive the cash and parents are responsible for making spending decisions, we also examine the intervening pathways between cash transfers and child schooling. Data comes from a cluster-randomized study of Malawi’s Social Cash Transfer Program (SCTP). After a baseline survey, households in village clusters were randomly assigned to treatment and control arms with treatment villages receiving transfers immediately and control villages assigned a later entry. We test for treatment impacts on a panel of school-aged children (6–17) using a differences-in-differences model. After a years’ worth of transfers, we find the Malawi SCTP both improves enrollment rates and decreases dropouts. The main intervening pathway between the program and schooling is education expenditures, suggesting that the cash improves the demand for education by reducing financial constraints

Paying for Happiness: Experimental Results from a Large Cash Transfer Program in Malawi

This study analyzes the short-term impact of an exogenous, positive income shock on caregivers’ subjective well-being (SWB) in Malawi using panel data from 3,365 households targeted to receive Malawi’s Social Cash Transfer Program that provides unconditional cash to ultra-poor, labor-constrained households. The study consists of a cluster-randomized, longitudinal design. After the baseline survey, half of these village clusters were randomly selected to receive the transfer and a follow-up was conducted 17 months later. We find that the short-term impact of household income increases from the cash transfer leads to substantial SWB gains among caregivers. After a year’s worth of transfers, caregivers in beneficiary households have higher life satisfaction and are more likely to believe in a better future. We examine whether program impacts on consumption, food security, resilience, and hopefulness could explain the increase in SWB but do not find that any of these mechanisms individually mediate our results

Flamingo Vol. III N 4

Schmitz. Cover. Picture. 0. Octopus. The Creed of a Frosh. Poem. 4. Widow. Chanson Du Frosh. Poem. 4. Widow. Untitled. Prose. 4. W.M.P. The College Creed. Prose. 4. Anonymous. SHE\u27S GOT THE CLOTHES, THIS FROSH SO FINE, AND HEAVEN KNOWS SHE\u27S GOT THE LINE. SHE\u27S TEETH OF PEARL THAT OFTEN SHOW. HER HAIR WOULD CURL IF IT COULD GROW. WITH ME SHE\u27S IT, GETS BY IMMENSE— BUT I MUST ADMIT SHE\u27S GOT NO SENSE. Picture. 5. Schmitz. SHADES OF THE SUMMER RESORTSOME, ER, KIDD. Picture. 6. Holt, Kilburn. Priest and Levite. Prose. 7. Anonymous. Commentary on a Poem. Prose. 9. Anonymous. Address to an Idle Dream. Poem. 10. Anonymous. Apology. Poem. 10. Uber, D. ONCE MEN LIKED THE GIRLS WHOSE ACQUAINTANCE THEY MADE FOR THE SHY, BASHFUL GLANCES THEY MET. BUT NOW IT\u27S THE HANG OF THE EARRINGS OF JADE, AND THE TILT OF THE CIGARETTE. Picture. 11. K.K.H. Helpful Hints for Foggy Freshmen. Prose. 11. Anonymous. Sonnet in Slang. Prose. 11. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 11. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 11. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 11. Clyde. CAN YOU FIGHT? NOT WITH A WOMAN. COME ON THEN YOU PIE-FACE! . Picture. 11. Anonymous. VITRIOLA RECORDS FOR SEPTEMBER. Prose. 12. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 12. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 12. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 12. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 12. E.B. Chapel Cherubs. Picture. 13. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 13. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 13. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 13. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 13. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 13. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 13. Anonymous. DO YOU THINK YOU COULD CARE FOR A CHAP LIKE ME? I THINK SO—IF HE WASN\u27T TOO MUCH LIKE YOU. Picture. 13. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 13. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 13. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 13. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 13. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 13. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 13. Anonymous. BASIC PLOT FOR SOCIETY DRAMA. Prose. 13. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 14. Anonymous. Editor. Picture. 15. Bridge. Denison Comics. Picture. 16. Ubersax. I HAVE BAD NEWS FOE YOU, CLARENCE. SO? YES. I VISITED A FORTUNE TELLER\u27S THIS AFTERNOON, AND SHE TOLD ME THAT I AM GOING TO MARRY A HANDSOME MAN. Picture. 18. Anonymous. The Career of a Good Joke. Prose. 18. W.M.P. Gentle Hints on Curriculum-Synopsis of Popular Courses. Prose. 18. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 18. Anonymous. MAY— WOULD YOU WEAR A RENTED BATHING SUIT? JUNE-\u27TT DEPENDS WHERE THE RENT WAS. Picture. 18. Anonymous. Untitled. Poem. 18. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 19. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 19. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 19. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 19. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 19. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 19. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 19. Anonymous. A READ-LETTER DAY AT THE SEM THIS MONTH. Picture. 19. Anonymous. Famous Greens. Prose. 19. Anonymous. TIE— HOW CAN I THICKEN MY HAIR? CURLS— TRY MOLASSES AND FLOUR. Picture. 19. Anonymous. \u27Twas Ever Thus! Poem. 19. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 22. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 22. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 22. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 22. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 22. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 22. Schmitz. POPULAR COURSE IN TENNYSON. Picture. 23. Purple Cow. Untitled. Prose. 24. Purple Parrot. Heard After Vacation. Prose. 24. Octopus. The Cost of Custom. Prose. 24. Purple Cow. Untitled. Prose. 24. Chaparral. All That Glitters-. Prose. 24. Jack-0-Lantern. Untitled. Prose. 24. Juggler. Untitled. Prose. 24. Reel, Virginia. Untitled. Prose. 24. Anonymous. Oh Gosh! Prose. 25. Brown Jug. Untitled. Prose. 25. Orange Peel. Try and Laugh This Off. Prose. 25. Widow. Untitled. Prose. 25. Banter. Untitled. Prose. 25. Punch Bowl. Extract From Mythology. Prose. 26. Dodo. Untitled. Prose. 26. Puppet. Untitled. Prose. 26. Orange Owl. PAGE MUELLER. Prose. 26. Juggler. Untitled. Prose. 26. Widow. Untitled. Prose. 26. Gargoyle. Untitled. Prose. 26. The Cougar\u27s Paw. The Devil\u27s Dictionary. Prose. 27. Chaparral. Where Did IO Dine? Prose. 27. Octopus. Untitled. Prose. 27. Malteaser. Untitled. Prose. 27. Widow. Untitled. Prose. 27. Chaparral. Untitled. Prose. 27. Malteaser. Untitled. Prose. 27. Mirror. Untitled. Prose. 28. Chaparral. Untitled. Prose. 28. Widow. Higher Mathematics. Prose. 28. Cougar\u27s Paw. Untitled. Prose. 28. Reel, Virginia. Untitled. Prose. 28. Tiger. This May Be New To Someone. Prose. 28. Dodo. Untitled. Prose. 28. Purple Cow. Untitled. Prose. 28. Widow. Page Red Stone. Prose. 28. Dodo. Untitled. Prose. 28. Anonymous. Their Idea of Something Funny. Prose. 29. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 29. Garber, Jock. OUR QUESTIONABLE DEPARTMENT. Prose. 30. Brown Jug. Untitled. Prose. 31. Cougar\u27s Paw. Untitled. Prose. 31. Anonymous. Untitled. Prose. 32. Dodo. Untitled. Prose. 32. Purple Cow. Untitled. Prose. 32

Dissecting the Re-Os molybdenite geochronometer

Rhenium and osmium isotopes have been used for decades to date the formation of molybdenite (MoS2), a common mineral in ore deposits and the world’s main source of molybdenum and rhenium. Understanding the distribution of parent 187Re and radiogenic daughter 187Os isotopes in molybdenite is critical in interpreting isotopic measurements because it can compromise the accurate determination and interpretation of mineralization ages. In order to resolve the controls on the distribution of these elements, chemical and isotope mapping of MoS2 grains from representative porphyry copper-molybdenum deposits were performed using electron microprobe and nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry. Our results show a heterogeneous distribution of 185,187Re and 192Os isotopes in MoS2, and that both 187Re and 187Os isotopes are not decoupled as previously thought. We conclude that Re and Os are structurally bound or present as nanoparticles in or next to molybdenite grains, recording a complex formation history and hindering the use of microbeam techniques for Re-Os molybdenite dating. Our study opens new avenues to explore the effects of isotope nuggeting in geochronometers