MHD Stagnation-Point Flow of a Nanofluid with Heat and Mass Transfer in the Presence of Thermal Radiation

The steady two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics stagnation point flow of a nanofluid with radiation effect is investigated. Using a similarity transformation, the governing partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations. The transformed equations are solved numerically for three types of nanoparticles, namely copper (Cu), alumina (Al2O3), and titania (TiO2) by using shooting method. The features of the flow with heat and mass transfer characteristics for different values of governing parameters are analyzed and discussed. Comparison with published results is presented and it found to be in good agreement. Key Words: Nanofluid, Heat and Mass Transfer, Thermal Radiation, Stagnation-Point Flo

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Pakistan- A nation-wide multicenter retrospective study

Background Pakistan is fifth among high burden countries for tuberculosis. A steady increase is seen in extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), which now accounts for 20% of all notified TB cases. There is very limited information on the epidemiology of EPTB. This study was performed with the aim to describe the demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of EPTB patients in Pakistan. Method We performed descriptive analysis on routinely collected data for cohorts of TB patients registered nationwide in 2016 at health facilities selected using stratified convenient sampling. Findings Altogether 54092 TB including 15790 (29.2%) EPTB cases were registered in 2016 at 50 study sites. The median age was 24 years for EPTB and 30 years for PTB patients. The crude prevalence of EPTB in females was 30.5% (95%CI; 29.9–31.0) compared to 27.9% (95%CI; 27.3–28.4) in males. The likelihood of having EPTB (OR), was 1.1 times greater for females, 2.0 times for children, and 3.3 times for residents of provinces in the North-West. The most common forms of EPTB were pleural (29.6%), lymphatic (22.7%) and abdominal TB (21.0%). Pleural TB was the most common clinical manifestation in adults (34.2%) and abdominal TB in children (38.4%). An increase in the prevalence of pleural and osteoarticular and decline in lymphatic and abdominal TB was observed with advancing age. Diversity in demography and clinical manifestations were noted between provinces. The treatment success rate for all type EPTB was significantly high compared to bacteriology confirmed PTB with the exception of EPTB affecting CNS with a high mortality rate. Conclusions The study provides an insight into demography, clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of EPTB. Further studies are needed to explain significant diversities observed between provinces, specific risk factors and challenges concerning EPTB management.publishedVersio

Multiple Solutions of an Unsteady Stagnation-Point Flow with Melting Heat Transfer in a Darcy–Brinkman Porous Medium

The characteristics of the unsteady boundary layer flow with melting heat transfer near a stagnation-point towards a flat plate embedded in a DarcyBrinkman porous medium with thermal radiation are investigated. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into self-similar ordinary differential equations by similarity transformations. The transformed self-similar equations are solved numerically using bvp4c from Matlab for several values of the flow parameters. The study reveals that the multiple solutions exist for the decelerating (A < 0) flow, whereas for the accelerating (A ≥ 0) flow, the solution is unique. The results also indicate that the melting phenomenon increases the rate of heat transfer and delays the boundary layer separation. To validate the current numerical results, comparison with available results is made and found to be in a good agreement

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Pakistan- A nation-wide multicenter retrospective study

Background Pakistan is fifth among high burden countries for tuberculosis. A steady increase is seen in extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), which now accounts for 20% of all notified TB cases. There is very limited information on the epidemiology of EPTB. This study was performed with the aim to describe the demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of EPTB patients in Pakistan. Method We performed descriptive analysis on routinely collected data for cohorts of TB patients registered nationwide in 2016 at health facilities selected using stratified convenient sampling. Findings Altogether 54092 TB including 15790 (29.2%) EPTB cases were registered in 2016 at 50 study sites. The median age was 24 years for EPTB and 30 years for PTB patients. The crude prevalence of EPTB in females was 30.5% (95%CI; 29.9–31.0) compared to 27.9% (95%CI; 27.3–28.4) in males. The likelihood of having EPTB (OR), was 1.1 times greater for females, 2.0 times for children, and 3.3 times for residents of provinces in the North-West. The most common forms of EPTB were pleural (29.6%), lymphatic (22.7%) and abdominal TB (21.0%). Pleural TB was the most common clinical manifestation in adults (34.2%) and abdominal TB in children (38.4%). An increase in the prevalence of pleural and osteoarticular and decline in lymphatic and abdominal TB was observed with advancing age. Diversity in demography and clinical manifestations were noted between provinces. The treatment success rate for all type EPTB was significantly high compared to bacteriology confirmed PTB with the exception of EPTB affecting CNS with a high mortality rate. Conclusions The study provides an insight into demography, clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of EPTB. Further studies are needed to explain significant diversities observed between provinces, specific risk factors and challenges concerning EPTB management