Kylylahti actinolite skarns

Abstract. Kylylahti is a Cu-Zn-Ni-(Co)-Au deposit found in year 1984 by Outokumpu Company and exploited by Altona Mining and Boliden in years 2012–2020. It locates in Polvijärvi, Eastern Finland, 20 kilometres northeast of the famous Outokumpu deposit with which it shares its main geological features. One of the main rock types in Kylylahti host rock assemblage is tremolite skarns, but also other types of rocks traditionally reported as skarns are present, such as actinolite skarns and cummingtonite skarns. In older mapping and core logging, actinolite skarn was the category in which all dark, amphibole bearing host/wall rocks were classified. Boliden felt it was necessary to improve the understanding and classification of the skarn types, especially in terms how the actinolite skarns differ from tremolite skarns. Drill cores of 10 holes in one profile that crosscuts the whole Kylylahti deposit were chosen to be completely re-logged. All darker, amphibole bearing rocks, customarily logged as skarns, were classified into four groups based on their mineralogical and textural features, and with the help of pXRF, their geochemical signatures. Three to five representative samples from each group were studied with polarizing microscope, FESEM, EDS and analysed for their whole rock geochemistry. Three of the groups comprised of hydrothermally altered refractory peridotites of the ophiolitic Kylylahti massif. One group was from carbonate±amphibole interlayers in the enveloping metasedimentary Upper Kaleva rocks. As expected, the 4 groups turned out to be both geochemically and mineralogically distinct from each other. Remarkably, in terms of the past naming convention, only one sample contained one crystal of actual actinolite. Dark amphiboles were mostly tremolites that were pigmented dark or completely black by fine sulphides, graphite and some unknown matter that could be graphite or sulphides but in so fine size that it was not recognizable in this study. Therefore, actinolite skarn is not a correct name for any of these rocks and should not be used. They are just tremolite skarns or carbonate-containing rocks that have some tremolite as accessory mineral

The association between epidural labor analgesia and the fetal outcome and mode of delivery of the second twin : a nationwide register-based cohort study in Finland

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the association between epidural labor analgesia and the mode of delivery for the second twin and to analyze the health outcomes of the second twin. Methods: In this nationwide, retrospective, register-based cohort study, data from the National Medical Birth Register (MBR) of Finland (2004–2018) were used to analyze the association between epidural analgesia and delivery mode (emergency and urgent cesarean section, and assisted vaginal delivery) and fetal outcomes (neonatal mortality and need for intensive care unit admission) for the second twin. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the delivery mode and fetal outcomes of the second twin. Results: A total of 3242 twin pregnancies with epidural analgesia were compared with a control group consisting of 2780 twin pregnancies without epidural analgesia. Epidural analgesia was associated with lower odds for all cesarean delivery (aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.92) for the second twin and for emergency cesarean delivery (aOR 0.52, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.79) when compared with the odds for the second twin in the control group. Epidural analgesia was associated with lower odds of neonatal mortality for the second twin (aOR 0.61, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.90). Conclusion: This study found epidural labor analgesia was associated with a lower rate of emergency cesarean delivery and neonatal mortality for the second twin. These results should be acknowledged by obstetricians and anesthesiologists when planning optimal peripartum management for mothers with twin pregnancies.Peer reviewe

Use of labor analgesia in trials of labor after previous cesarean section : A nationwide register-based analysis in Finland

Objectives: The literature concerning the overall use of labor analgesia among women with trials of labor after cesarean section (TOLAC) is lacking. The primary aim of this study is to report the rate of different labor analgesia methods among women with TOLAC. The secondary aim was to compare the use of labor analgesia between women with the first TOLAC and control group consisting of nulliparous women. Study design. Data from the National Medical Birth Register was used to evaluate the usage of labor analgesia in TOLACs. The use of labor analgesia in the first TOLAC is compared to the pregnancies of nulliparous women. The analgesia methods were stratified into neuraxial analgesia, pudendal, paracervical, nitrous oxide, other medical, other non-medical, and no analgesia. These are analyzed as categorized dichotomy (yes or no) variables. Results: A total of 38 596 TOLACs as second pregnancy of the mother was found during our study period. The control group consisted of a total of 327 464 pregnancies of nulliparous women. Epidural analgesia (61.6% vs 67.1%), nitrous oxide (56.1% vs 62.0%), and non-medical analgesia (30.1% vs 35.0%) were less consumed among women with TOLAC. The rate of spinal analgesia was higher among women with TOLAC (10.1% vs 7.6%) when compared to the control group. However, when only vaginal deliveries were included, the rate of labor analgesia increased especially in the TOLAC group. Conclusions: The main finding of this study is that women with TOLAC had a generally lower rate of labor analgesia. However, the rate of spinal analgesia was higher among women with TOLAC when compared to the control group, however. The results of this study inform midwives, obstetricians, and anesthesiologists on current practices and how to improve the analgetic treatment in TOLAC.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Fear of childbirth and use of labor analgesia : A nationwide register-based analysis in Finland

Objective: To calculate the rates of labor analgesia among women with fear of childbirth (FOC) in multiparous and nulliparous women, because FOC might be associated with higher rates of labor analgesia. Methods: In this retrospective register-based cohort study, data from the National Medical Birth Register was used to evaluate the usage of labor analgesia in pregnancies with FOC, when compared with those without. The analgesia methods were stratified into neuraxial analgesia, pudendal, paracervical, nitrous oxide, other medical, other non-medical, and no analgesia. Results: A total of 19 285 pregnancies with diagnosed maternal FOC were found during our study period. The control group consisted of 757 997 pregnancies without diagnosed maternal FOC. Nulliparous women with diagnosed FOC had a higher rate of epidural analgesia (70.2% vs 67.1%), spinal analgesia (12.3% vs 7.6%), and pudendal block (17.6% vs 9.6%). Multiparous women with FOC had a notably higher rate for epidural analgesia (47.0% vs 29.0%). Conclusion: The main finding in this study was that women with diagnosed FOC had a higher rate of labor analgesia. The results of this study can be used by midwives, obstetricians, and anesthesiologists to provide optimal pain relief for mothers with FOC.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Incidence of vaginal birth–related rupture of the pubic symphysis : A nationwide register study in Finland from 1998 to 2018

Background and purpose: To assess the incidence of vaginal birth -related rupture of the pubic symphysis in Finland from 1998 to 2018. Methods: A retrospective cohort study using nationwide data from the Finnish Care Register for Health Care and the Finnish Medical Birth Register. As participants we included all ≥ 22-week pregnancies of women aged between 15 and 49 years from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2017. Pubic symphysis rupture was classified based on the ICD-10 code S33.4 and operations were gathered with pelvis-specific operation codes of the Nordic NOMESCO-classification. Incidence per 100 000 deliveries with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated for symphysis rupture and surgery using Poisson’s exact test. Results: For a total 1 175 326 deliveries, a total of 9 pubic symphysis ruptures occurred during the intrapartum and puerperal periods. All ruptures occurred after vaginal delivery. Of these, 4 ruptures were treated operatively. The incidence of rupture for vaginal delivery was 0.9 per 100 000 deliveries (CI 0.1 to 1.0). No perinatal mortality was observed. Conclusions: Birth -related ruptures of the pubic symphysis are rate events and are mostly associated with vaginal delivery with most ruptures being treated conservatively.publishedVersionNon peer reviewe

Trends in the epidemiology of fear of childbirth and association with intended mode of delivery : A nationwide register-based cohort study in Finland

Introduction: Fear of childbirth (FOC) is a common obstetrical challenge that affects the health of women. The epidemiology of FOC has not been studied in Finland for the last decade. The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiology and risk factors for FOC and to evaluate the association between FOC and the rate of elective cesarean section (CS) as an intended mode of delivery. Material and methods: Data from the National Medical Birth Register were used to evaluate the epidemiology of FOC and to determine the main risk factors for FOC in Finland between 2004 and 2018. Nulliparous and multiparous women were analyzed separately. Logistic regression model was used to determine the main risk factors for FOC. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the intended mode of delivery in those pregnancies with diagnosed maternal FOC. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: A total of 1 million pregnancies were included. The annual rate of pregnancies with maternal FOC increased from 1.5% (CI: 1.4–1.6) in 2004 to 9.1% (CI: 8.7–9.3) in 2018 for all women. For nulliparous women, the rate increased from 1.1% (CI: 1.0–1.3) in 2004 to 7.1% (CI: 6.7–7.5) in 2018, and from 1.8% (CI: 1.7–2.0) in 2004 to 10.3% (10.0–10.7) in 2018 for multiparous women. The strongest risk factors for maternal FOC were higher maternal age and gestational diabetes. For multiparous women, the strongest risk factors were gestational diabetes and previous CS. The total odds for elective CS were notably higher among women with FOC (aOR 8.63, CI: 8.39–8.88). Conclusions: The incidence of maternal FOC rose six-fold during our study period. However, the numbers of elective CS among women with this diagnosis, which had earlier risen in parallel, leveled off in 2014.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Cancer-associated Changes in the Expression of TMPRSS2-ERG, PCA3, and SPINK1 in Histologically Benign Tissue From Cancerous vs Noncancerous Prostatectomy Specimens.

To investigate whether messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene, a suggested prostate cancer (PCa) biomarker, was specific to cancerous lesions alone and to study the expression of SPINK1 and PCA3 mRNAs in the same cohort to also explore the proposed mutual exclusivity of TMPRSS2-ERG and SPINK1 expression