УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ В КОМПЛЕКСНОЙ ЛУЧЕВОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКЕ МЕТАСТАТИЧЕСКОГО ПОРАЖЕНИЯ ПАРАСТЕРНАЛЬНОГО ЛИМФАТИЧЕСКОГО КОЛЛЕКТОРА У БОЛЬНОЙ РАКОМ МОЛОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ (КЛИНИЧЕСКИЙ СЛУЧАЙ)

Background. The parasternal lymphatic collector is an important pathway of the lymph drainage from the breast in breast cancer patients. Evaluation of parasternal lymph nodes is not available during physical examination. To date, no algorithm for diagnostic imaging of the parasternal lymphatic pathway has been developed. The presence of metastases in parasternal lymph nodes upstages the breast cancer patient to a minimum of clinical stage III disease.Case description. We present the case of breast cancer progression in a 40-year-old woman. The patient received treatment for triple-negative stage IIA breast cancer (Т2N0M0) in 2018. In August, 2019, 18-FDG PET /CT images revealed a solitary metastasis in the parasternal lymph node. Ultrasound images also showed the same lymph node assessed by PET -CT and the additional parasternal lymph node metastasis. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy of both lymph nodes confirmed the specific involvement of the parasternal lymph nodes.Conclusion. Ultrasound scans are used to assess the axillary, subclavian and supraclavicular lymphatic collectors, but there is little evidence in the literature on the use of ultrasound in the assessment of parasternal lymph nodes. Our clinical case shows the feasibility of using ultrasound in assessing the status of the parasternal of lymph nodes, as well as the feasibility of performing fine-needle aspiration biopsy by ultrasound navigation.Актуальность. Парастернальный лимфатический коллектор является важной областью регионарного лимфатического оттока у больных раком молочной железы. Оценка лимфатических узлов данной группы не доступна при физикальном обследовании. Кроме того, не разработан алгоритм лучевых методов диагностики поражения этого коллектора. При специфическом поражении лимфатических узлов этой группы стадия заболевания увеличивается до стадии iiia и первым этапом лечения рекомендуется проведение химиотерапии. Описание клинического случая. Приводим собственное наблюдение прогрессирования рака молочной железы у пациентки 40 лет. Пациентка  находится на динамическом контроле после комплексного лечения, проведенного в 2018 г. по поводу рака молочной железы, Т2N0m0, iiА стадия, тройной негативный тип. При плановом исследовании в августе 2019 г. по данным ПЭТ/КТ с 18F-ФДГ у пациентки  выявлен солитарный метастаз в парастернальный лимфатический узел. Дополнительно проведено ультразвуковое исследование, при котором выявлен  описанный при ПЭТ-КТ лимфатический узел, а также дополнительный изменённый лимфатический узел парастернальной области, произведена тонкоигольная  аспирационная биопсия обоих лимфатических узлов, по результатам которой подтверждено специфическое поражение парастернальных лимфатических узлов. Заключение. Ультразвуковая диагностика используется для оценки аксиллярного,  подлючичного и надключичного лимфатических коллекторов, однако в литературе мало данных об использовании данного метода в оценке лимфатических узлов парастернальной области. На клиническом примере показана возможность использования ультразвуковой диагностики в оценке состояния парастернальной  группы лимфатических узлов, а также возможности проведения тонкоигольной  аспирационной биопсии под УЗ-навигацией

Polarization angle swings in blazars: The case of 3C 279

© ESO, 2016.Context. Over the past few years, on several occasions, large, continuous rotations of the electric vector position angle (EVPA) of linearly polarized optical emission from blazars have been reported. These events are often coincident with high energy γ-ray flares and they have attracted considerable attention, since they could allow us to probe the magnetic field structure in the γ-ray emitting region of the jet. The flat-spectrum radio quasar 3C 279 is one of the most prominent examples showing this behaviour. Aims. Our goal is to study the observed EVPA rotations and to distinguish between a stochastic and a deterministic origin of the polarization variability. Methods. We have combined multiple data sets of R-band photometry and optical polarimetry measurements of 3C 279, yielding exceptionally well-sampled flux density and polarization curves that cover a period of 2008-2012. Several large EVPA rotations are identified in the data. We introduce a quantitative measure for the EVPA curve smoothness, which is then used to test a set of simple random walk polarization variability models against the data. Results. 3C 279 shows different polarization variation characteristics during an optical low-flux state and a flaring state. The polarization variation during the flaring state, especially the smooth ∼360° rotation of the EVPA in mid-2011, is not consistent with the tested stochastic processes. Conclusions. We conclude that, during the two different optical flux states, two different processes govern polarization variation, which is possibly a stochastic process during the low-brightness state and a deterministic process during the flaring activity

Velocity-resolved reverberation mapping of five bright Seyfert 1 galaxies

We present the first results from a reverberation-mapping campaign undertaken during the first half of 2012, with additional data on one AGN (NGC 3227) from a 2014 campaign. Our main goals are (1) to determine the black hole masses from continuum-Hβ reverberation signatures, and (2) to look for velocity-dependent time delays that might be indicators of the gross kinematics of the broad-line region. We successfully measure Hbeta time delays and black hole masses for five AGNs, four of which have previous reverberation mass measurements. The values measured here are in agreement with earlier estimates, though there is some intrinsic scatter beyond the formal measurement errors. We observe velocity dependent Hβ lags in each case, and find that the patterns have changed in the intervening five years for three AGNs that were also observed in 2007.PostprintPeer reviewe

Competence of the Pedagogue to Strive for Success in the Process of Upbringing a Harmoniously Developed Generation

This article discusses the requirements for the personality of today's teachers, their level of knowledge, the need to constantly work on themselves, and the fact that this aspiration serves as the basis for a bright future of our people, our nation, the socio-pedagogical views of our great scholars. This article also explains the classification of pedagogical methods

The awakening of BL Lacertae: observations by Fermi, Swift and the GASP-WEBT

Since the launch of the Fermi satellite, BL Lacertae has been moderately active at ?-rays and optical frequencies until 2011 May, when the source started a series of strong flares. The exceptional optical sampling achieved by the GLAST–AGILE Support Program of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope in collaboration with the Steward Observatory allows us to perform a detailed comparison with the daily ?-ray observations by Fermi. Discrete correlation analysis between the optical and ?-ray emission reveals correlation with a time lag of 0 ± 1 d, which suggests cospatiality of the corresponding jet emitting regions. A better definition of the time lag is hindered by the daily gaps in the sampling of the extremely fast flux variations. In general, optical flares present more structure and develop on longer time-scales than corresponding ?-ray flares. Observations at X-rays and at millimetre wavelengths reveal a common trend, which suggests that the region producing the mm and X-ray radiation is located downstream from the optical and ?-ray-emitting zone in the jet. The mean optical degree of polarization slightly decreases over the considered period and in general it is higher when the flux is lower. The optical electric vector polarization angle (EVPA) shows a preferred orientation of about 15°, nearly aligned with the radio core EVPA and mean jet direction. Oscillations around it increase during the 2011–2012 outburst. We investigate the effects of a geometrical interpretation of the long-term flux variability on the polarization. A helical magnetic field model predicts an evolution of the mean polarization that is in reasonable agreement with the observations. These can be fully explained by introducing slight variations in the compression factor in a transverse shock waves model