Experimental analysis and comparison of performance characteristics of catalytic converters

The purpose of this chapter is to present the results of an experimental study of the performance and conversion efficiencies of ceramic monolith three-way catalytic converters (TWCC) employed in automotive exhaust lines for the reduction of gasoline emissions. Two ceramic converters of different cell density, substrate length, hydraulic channel diameter and \vall thickness were studied to investigate the effect of varying key parameters on conversion efficiencies and pressure drop. Based on the emission test results, the conversion efficiencies of HC from both converters were calculated and evaluated

Experimental analysis to determine the relationship between noise and back pressure for muffler design – Part II: Experimental results

This chapter describes the final part of the detailed methodology of relationship between noise and back pressure for muffler design. This part includes experimental setup, experimental procedures, results and discussions. The experimental data show a general shape of an average design ofthe muffler which would be the most suitable for the test car

Exhaust system optimization using GT- Power

The exhaust system consists of the exhaust manifold, the header, the catalytic converter, the muffler, and the tailpipe. Certain flow characteristics must be met for the optimal performance of the exhaust system. The main objective of this chapter is to design exhaust system (particularly the exhaust manifold) using GT-Power software and to optimize its performance

Experimental analysis and simulation of catalytic converters

The purpose of this chapter is to present the results of an experimental study ofthe performance of ceramic monolith three-way catalytic converters (TWCC) employed in automotive exhaust lines for the reduction of gasoline emissions. Two ceramic converters of different cell density, substrate length, hydraulic channel diameter and wall thickness were investigated. After completing the test, the converters were cut to extract the substrate or 'honeycomb' inside the housing and being analyzed for microstructure and materials composition using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Analysis (EDX). Simulation program using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software packages, GAMBIT and FLUENT 6.1 was used to verify experimental results

Experimental analysis to determine the relationship between noise and back pressure for muffler design – Part I: Muffler design requirements

This chapter describes part of the detailed methodology of relationship between noise and back pressure for muffler design. Starting with a brief introduction, an attempt is made here to present different steps of muffler design considering the relation between noise and back pressure. The design ofthe muffler chamber separation and arrangement is essential in determining the muffler characteristics. Some design considerations are proposed in order to come up with an optimum muffler design

3-Cylinder gasoline direct injection as opposed to 4-cylinder multi-port fuel injection for lower fuel consumption and NOX emission

The need for an engine that offers a low fuel consumption and good low-end torque grown for the past few years. The European environment protection agencies have drawn d<J the emission limits annually with emerging countries has started to adopt the European legislation. OEMs world wide have strived to meet the stringent regulation that made them develop smaller engine capacity with high low-end torque. Furthermore, continuously increas price of the fuel requires improving the engine efficiency. Electronic controlled Multi-Port Fuel Injection (MPFI) systems instead of fuel system with carburettor have been used since 1980 Development of small vehicle segments has started to look for alternatives to meet the consumption challenge. Therefore, adoption of gasoline direct injection (GOi) fuel systems new small engines hopefully can reduce hydrocarbon emissions by having fuelling and controls separated. Both 3-cylinder and 4-cylinder base engine configurations will be ex}: for the same engine capacity of 1.2 L. Improvements in hydrocarbon emissions, heat losses scavenging will be compared bet\veen the engmes. Plus, factors of packaging and considerations will also be look upon

Conflicts and delays in mega construction projects – Kuwait International Airport Cargo City

Mega construction projects, in general, require a lot of planning in terms of land acquisition, estimating material cost, human resources, financials, safety, and many more. It is a common scenario with delays occurring in such mega-projects attributing to increased project costs, delays in work completion. It leads to creating a negative impact on the prospects of the effective utilization of the project output in terms of space, facility, and resources to commence work at that location. This study intended to identify the factors that could potentially contribute to project delays and possible methods of resolving the conflicts that have aroused. A case study on Kuwait International Airport Cargo City was conducted quantitatively as well as qualitatively. It is learned that management conflicts have a significant impact on creating project delays, due to poor management, lack of effective communication, and ineffective utilization of resources

A Machine-Synesthetic Approach To DDoS Network Attack Detection

In the authors' opinion, anomaly detection systems, or ADS, seem to be the most perspective direction in the subject of attack detection, because these systems can detect, among others, the unknown (zero-day) attacks. To detect anomalies, the authors propose to use machine synesthesia. In this case, machine synesthesia is understood as an interface that allows using image classification algorithms in the problem of detecting network anomalies, making it possible to use non-specialized image detection methods that have recently been widely and actively developed. The proposed approach is that the network traffic data is "projected" into the image. It can be seen from the experimental results that the proposed method for detecting anomalies shows high results in the detection of attacks. On a large sample, the value of the complex efficiency indicator reaches 97%.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures, 5 tables. Accepted to the Intelligent Systems Conference (IntelliSys) 201

Influence of silver nitrate (ethylene inhibitor) on cucumber in vitro shoot regeneration

The effect of addition of silver nitrate (AgNO3) on organogenesis of proximal and distal cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of five cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars was investigated. Distal cotyledon and hypocotyl were unresponsive while only poor shoot regeneration was observed in proximal cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of all cucumber cultivars. The addition of different concentrations of AgNO3 (10, 30 and 50 µM) to the medium, however, induced shoot regeneration in distal cotyledon except Suyo Long cultivar and effectively increased shoot regeneration response as well as the number of shoots per explant in proximal cotyledon and hypocotyl of all cucumber cultivars